Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is constitutively expressed at 2‑10‑fold higher levels in tumor
cells compared to normal cells, suggesting that it may be critically important for tumor cell …

Purpose The role of chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy (RT) for management of extraskeletal
osteosarcoma (ESOS) remains controversial. We examined disease outcomes for ESOS …

The inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway promotes
the initiation of autophagy. Although it remains under debate whether chemotherapy-induced …

A breast cancer patient developed an atypical femoral fracture after 9 years of bisphosphonate
therapy for the treatment of multiple bone metastases. We histopathologically analyzed …

Suppression of bone remodeling by bisphosphonates leads to accumulation of microdamage
in bone. If this microdamage develops due to suppressed repair of remodeling only, more …

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that functions in numerous
signaling pathways initiated by diverse stimuli. The functions of GSK-3 in cancer differ …

Background/Aim: We previously showed that the use of autophagy inhibitors in combination
with chemotherapy can enhance anticancer effects in sarcoma cell lines. In this study, we …

Collagen crosslinking is an important determinant of the quality of bone material. We have
previously shown that suppressed bone turnover by high doses of minodronic acid and …

The inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway promotes
the initiation of autophagy, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular …

Inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway promotes initiation of autophagy. However, recent
studies indicate that autophagy is a self-defense mechanism of cancer cells that are …