Data are presented on 434 patients treated at the Gynecologic Radiotherapy Department of the University of Vienna for invasive primary carcinoma of the vagina between 1952 and 1984; data on 110 patients treated in the last few years are more detailed. In stage I, 5-year survival was 76.7%; in stage II, 44.5%; in stage III, 31%; and in stage IV, 18.2%. The overall uncorrected 5-year survival rate was 39.9%. The disease is primarily one of the elderly as 78% were found to be older than 60 years of age. Younger patients had a 5-year survival of 50%; patients between 61 and 75 years of age, 41.2%; and those 76 years of age or older, 34.3%. Patients with presenting symptoms had a cure rate of 36.9%, whereas 61.1% of asymptomatic cases survived. Best results (60%) were obtained when the lesion was in the upper third of the vagina; only 37% of patients with lesions of the middle third and lower third survived more than 5 years. Well-differentiated tumors were associated with a 5-year survival of 62.5%; and poorly differentiated tumors, with a rate of 34.9%. Our results indicate that stage of disease is the most significant prognostic factor, but age of the patient, location of lesion in the vagina, and differentiation of the tumor influence outcome too. The majority of patients were managed by a combination of external pelvic irradiation and local application of radium. In stage I and II patients treated with radium alone, good results were obtained, but no patient with stage III or IV disease survived 5 years when external irradiation was not performed.