Researchers and clinicians interested in human diseases of DNA repair deficiency and premature aging gathered at the National Conference Center in Lansdowne, Virginia on 5-8 September 2006 to attend a workshop co-organized by Vilhelm Bohr (National Institute of Aging) and Kenneth Kraemer (National Cancer Institute). An important feature of this workshop was the participation of representatives from xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne Syndrome (CS) and trichothiodystrophy (TTD) family support groups. Studies presented at the workshop described important new insights into the phenotypic complexity of XP, CS and TTD, renewed focus on the neurological manifestations of each of these diseases, as well as keen interest in the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative processes and normal and/or premature aging. This workshop report summarizes some of the presentations and outcomes of the workshop.