Sarcopenic Obesity in Liver Cirrhosis: Possible Mechanism and Clinical Impact
Abstract
:1. Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity in Liver Cirrhosis
2. Obesity Paradox and Liver Cirrhosis
3. Prevalence and Definition of Sarcopenic Obesity
4. Molecular Mechanism and Liver Diseases
5. Myosteatosis and Liver Diseases
6. Dysbiosis and Sarcopenic Obesity in Liver Cirrhosis
7. Prognosis and Intervention in Cirrhotic Patients with Sarcopenic Obesity
7.1. Nutritional Intervention
7.2. Exercise
7.3. Pharmacological Therapies
8. Summary and Closing Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SMM | skeletal muscle mass |
CLD | chronic liver disease |
LC | liver cirrhosis |
PEM | protein-energy malnutrition |
BCAA | branched-chain amino acid |
HOMA-IR | homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance |
Sa-O | Sarcopenic obesity |
NAFLD | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
AWGS | Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia |
EWGSOP | European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People |
BMI | body mass index |
HR | hazard ratio |
SMI | skeletal muscle index |
HCC | hepatocellular carcinoma |
GH | growth hormone |
OS | overall survival |
IMAC | intramuscular adipose tissue content |
LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
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Author (Country and Year) | Diagnostic Method (Skeletal Muscle) | Diagnostic Method (Fat Mass) | Definition (Sarcopenia) | Definition (Obesity) | Cutoff Point for Sarcopenia | Cutoff Point for Obesity | Prevalence of Sa-O (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vidot H., et al. (Australia, 2019) [29] | CT (PMI, L3)‘ | BMI | PMM/height2 (mm2/m2) | kg/m2 | M: <545 F: <385 | M: ≥30 F: ≥30 | 28% |
Kroh, et al. (Germany, 2019) [27] | CT (L3 level) | Body fat percentage | SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) | % | M: <43 (BMI < 25) or <53 (BMI >25), F: <41 | Top two quintiles | 23% |
Kobayashi, et al. (Japan, 2019) [22] | CT (L3 level) | CT (Umbilicus level) | SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) | cm2 | M: <40.31 F: <30.88 | M: ≥100 F: ≥100 | 7% |
Kamo, et al. (Japan, 2019) [26] | CT (L3 level) | VFA or BMI | SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) | cm2 or kg/m2 | M: <40.31 F: <30.88 | VFA ≥ 100 or BMI ≥ 25 | VFA: 3% BMI: 2% |
Bering, et al. (Brazil, 2018) [28] | DXA and GS | Body fat percentage | SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) and kg | % | M: <7.46 and 30 (GS) F: <5.45 and 20 (GS) | M: ≥27 F: ≥37 | 14% |
Hammad, et al. (Japan, 2017) [25] | CT (PMI, L3) | BMI | PMM/height2 (cm2/m2) | kg/m2 | M: <6.36 F: <3.92 | M: ≥25 F: ≥25 | 5% |
Carias, et al. (USA, 2016) [23] | CT (L3-L4 level) | BMI | SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) | kg/m2 | M: <52.4 F: <38.5 | M: ≥30 F: ≥30 | 42% |
Hara, et al. (Japan, 2016) [24] | BIA (ULM) | CT (Umbilicus level) | ULM/height2 (cm2/m2) | cm2 | M: <1.7 F: <1.2 | M: ≥100 F: ≥100 | 9% |
Montano-Loza, et al. (Canada, 2016) [20] | CT (L3 level) | BMI MA at the L3 level | SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) | kg/m2 MA | M: <43 (BMI < 25) or <53 (BMI > 25), F: <41 | M and F: BMI ≥ 25 or MA < 33 HU | 20% |
Kaibori, et al. (Japan, 2015) [21] | CT (L3 level) | CT (multifidus muscle at the umbilicus level) | SMM/height2 (cm2/m2) | IMAC | M: <44 F: <38 | M: −0.44 F: −0.31 | NA |
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Nishikawa, H.; Enomoto, H.; Nishiguchi, S.; Iijima, H. Sarcopenic Obesity in Liver Cirrhosis: Possible Mechanism and Clinical Impact. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 1917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041917
Nishikawa H, Enomoto H, Nishiguchi S, Iijima H. Sarcopenic Obesity in Liver Cirrhosis: Possible Mechanism and Clinical Impact. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):1917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041917
Chicago/Turabian StyleNishikawa, Hiroki, Hirayuki Enomoto, Shuhei Nishiguchi, and Hiroko Iijima. 2021. "Sarcopenic Obesity in Liver Cirrhosis: Possible Mechanism and Clinical Impact" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 1917. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041917