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Regulation and mechanisms of mammalian double-strand break repair

Abstract

The double-strand break (DSB) is believed to be one of the most severe types of DNA damage, and if left unrepaired is lethal to the cell. Several different types of repair act on the DSB. The most important in mammalian cells are nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination repair (HRR). NHEJ is the predominant type of DSB repair in mammalian cells, as opposed to lower eucaryotes, but HRR has recently been implicated in critical cell signaling and regulatory functions that are essential for cell viability. Whereas NHEJ repair appears constitutive, HRR is regulated by the cell cycle and inducible signal transduction pathways. More is known about the molecular details of NHEJ than HRR in mammalian cells. This review focuses on the mechanisms and regulation of DSB repair in mammalian cells, the signaling pathways that regulate these processes and the potential crosstalk between NHEJ and HRR, and between repair and other stress-induced pathways with emphasis on the regulatory circuitry associated with the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein.

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Abbreviations

AT:

ataxia telangiectasia

ATM:

AT mutated

ATR:

ATM and RAD-3-related

BASC:

BRCA1-associated genome surveillance complex

BS:

Bloom's syndrome

BRCT:

BRCA1 carboxy-terminal

DSB:

double-strand break

EGF:

epidermal growth factor

FA:

Fanconi anemia

GFR:

growth factor receptor

Gy:

Gray

HRR:

homologous recombination repair

IGF-IR:

insulin growth factor I receptor

IR:

ionizing radiation

MRN:

MRE11/RAD50/NBS1

NHEJ:

nonhomologous end-joining

PFGE:

pulse-field gel electrophoresis

PG:

phosphoglycolate

PIKK:

phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase-like kinase

RDS:

radioresistant DNA synthesis

SSA:

single-strand annealing

SSB:

single-strand break

TDP1:

tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase

WS:

Werner's syndrome

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by P01CA72955 and CA40615. We thank Ross Mikkelsen, William Kaufmann, Steve Yannone and David Chen for valuable comments.

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Valerie, K., Povirk, L. Regulation and mechanisms of mammalian double-strand break repair. Oncogene 22, 5792–5812 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206679

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