Abstract
We review recent empirical literature examining the impact of parent physical illness on child functioning. We review studies of illness characteristics (n = 16), individual characteristics (n = 6), and family characteristics (n = 6). Although children's self-reports indicate heightened distress, parental reports do not suggest more problematic functioning. Child adjustment appears to be more closely related to perceptions of stressfulness rather than to objective illness severity indices. Adolescent girls seem to represent a group at heightened risk. Preliminary results suggest that family variables such as cohesion, conflict, and individual and family coping styles are important predictors of child adjustment.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/ 4–18, YSR and TRF profiles. Burlington, University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
Anderson, C. A., & Hammen, C. L. (1993). Psychosocial outcomes of children of unipolar depressed, bipolar, medically ill, and normal women: A longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 448–454.
Armistead, L., Klein, K., & Forehand, R. (1995). Parental physical illness and child functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 409–422.
Armistead, L., Klein, K., Forehand, R., & Weirson, M. (1997). Disclosure of parental HIV infection in the families of men with hemophilia: Description, outcomes, & the role of family processes. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 49–61.
Armsden, G. C., & Lewis, F. M. (1994). Behavioral adjustment and self-esteem of school-age children of women with breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 21, 39–45.
Burman, B., & Margolin, G. (1992). Analysis of the association between marital relationships and health problems: An interactional perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 39–63.
Christ, G. H., Siegel, K., Mesagno, F. P., & Langosch, D. (1991). A preventive intervention program for bereaved children: Problems of implementation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 168–178.
Christ, G. H., Siegel, K., & Sperber, D. (1994). Impact of parental terminal cancer on adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64, 604–613.
Compas, B. E., Banez, G. A., Malcarne, V., & Worsham, N. (1991). Perceived control and coping with stress: A developmental perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 47, 23–34.
Compas, B. E., Orosan, P, G., & Grant, K. E. (1993). Adolescent stress and coping implications for psychopathology during adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 16, 331–349.
Compas, B. E., Worsham, N. L., Epping-Jordan, J. E., Grant, K. E., Mireault, G., Howell, D. C., & Malcarne, V. L. (1994). When mom or dad has cancer: Markers of psychological distress in cancer patients, spouses, and children. Health Psychology, 13, 507–515.
Compas, B. E., Worsham, N. L, Ey, S., & Howell, D. C. (1996). When mom or dad has cancer: II. Coping, cognitive appraisals, and psychological distress in children of cancer patient. Health Psychology, 15, 167–175.
Conrad, M., & Hammen, C. (1993). Protective and resource factors in high-and low-risk children: A comparison of children with unipolar, bipolar, medically ill, and normal mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 593–607.
Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. (1994). Children and marital conflict: The impact of family dispute and resolution. New York: Guilford.
Dura, J. R., & Beck, S. J. (1988). A comparison of family functioning when mothers have chronic pain. Pain, 35, 79–89.
Erel, O., & Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 108–132.
Field, T., Alpert, B., Vega-Lahr, N., Goldstein, S., & Perry, S. (1988). Hospitalization stress in children: Sensizer and repressor coping styles. Health Psychology, 7, 433–445.
Fields, L., & Prinz, R. J. (1997). Coping and adjustment during childhood and adolescence. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 937–976.
Fisher, L., Terry, H. E., & Ransom, D. C. (1990). Advancing a family perspective in health research: Models and methods. Family Process, 29, 177–189.
Forehand, R., Steele, R., Armistead, L., Morse, E., Simon, P., & Clark, L. (1998). The family health project: Psychosocial adjustment of children whose mothers are HIV infected. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 513–520.
Gordon-Walker, J., Johnson, S., Manion, I., & Cloutier, P. (1996). Emotionally-focused marital intervention for couples with chronically ill children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1029–1036.
Gotlib, I, H., & Lee, C. M. (1996). The impact of parental depression on young children and infants. In C. Mundt, M. J., Goldstein, K. Hahlweg, & P. Fiedler (Eds.), Interpersonal factors in the origin and course of affective disorders (pp. 218–239). London: Gaskell, Royal College of Psychiatrists Press.
Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental metaemotion philosophy and emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 243–268.
Grant, K. E., & Compas, B. E. (1995). Stress and anxious-de-pressed symptoms among adolescents: Searching for mechanisms of risk. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 1015–1021.
Greening, K. (1992). The “Bear Essentials” program: Helping young children and their families cope when a parent has cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 10, 47–61.
Hammen, C., Gordon, D., Burge, D., Adrian, C., Jaenicke, C., & Hiroto, D. (1987). Maternal affective disorders, illness, and stress: Risk for children's psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 736–741.
Hirsch, B. J., Moos, R. H., & Reischl, T. M. (1985). Psychosocial adjustment of adolescent children of a depressed, arthritic, or normal parent. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 154–164.
Horwitz, W. A., & Kazak, A. E. (1990). Family adaptation to childhood cancer: Sibling and family systems variables. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 221–228.
Howes, M. J., Hoke, L., Winterbottom, M., & Delafield, D. (1994). Psychosocial effects of breast cancer on the patient's children. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 12, 1–21.
Issel, L. M., Erseck, M., & Lewis, F. M. (1990). How children cope with mother's breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 17, 5–13.
Jamison, R. N., & Walker, L. S. (1992). Illness behavior in children of chronic pain patients. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 22, 329–342.
Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1997). Buffering children from marital conflict and dissolution. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 157–171.
Kazak, A. E., & Barakat, L. P. (1997). Parenting stress and quality of life during treatment for childhood leukemia predicts child and parent adjustment after treatment. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22, 749–758.
Kazak, A. E., & Nachman, G. S. (1991). Family research on childhood chronic illness: Pediatric oncology as an example. Journal of Family Psychology, 4, 462–483.
Kazak, A. E., Christakis, D., Alderfer, M., & Coiro, M. J. (1994). Young adolescent cancer survivors and their parents: Adjustment, learning problems, and gender. Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 74–84.
Kazdin, A. (1997). A model for developing effective treatments: Progression and interplay of theory, research, and practice. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 114–129.
Kirby, R. J., & Whelan, T. A. (1996). The effects of hospitalization and medical procedures on children and their families. Journal of Family Studies, 2, 65–77.
Kliewer, W., & Lewis, H. (1995). Family influences on coping processes in children and adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 20, 511–525.
Kliewer, W., Fearnow, M. D., & Miller, P. A. (1996). Coping socialization in middle childhood: Tests of maternal and paternal influences. Child Development, 67, 2339–2357.
Kotchick, B. A., Forehand, R., Armistead, L., Klein, K., & Wierson, M. (1996). Coping with Illness: Interrelationships across family members and predictors of psychological adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 358–370.
Kotchick, B. A., Summers, P., Forehand, R., & Steele, R. G. (1997). The role of parental and extrafamilial social support in the psychosocial adjustment of children with a chronically ill father. Behavior Modification, 21, 409–432.
Lee, C. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (1989). Maternal depression and child adjustment: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 78–85.
Lewis, F. M., Hammond, M. A., & Woods, N. F. (1993). The family's functioning with newly-diagnosed breast cancer in the mother: The development of an explanatory model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 351–370.
Lewis, F. M., Woods, N. F., Hough, E. E., & Bensley, L. S. (1989). The family's functioning with chronic illness in the mother: The spouse's perspective. Social Science Medicine, 29, 1261–1269.
Mash, E. J., & Terdal, L. G. (1997). Assessment of child and family disturbance. In E. J. Mash & L. G. Terdal (Eds.). Assessment of childhood disorders (3rd ed., pp. 3–68). New York: Guilford.
Mikail, S. F., & von Baeyer, C. L. (1990). Pain, somatic focus, and emotional adjustment in children of chronic headache sufferers and controls. Social Science Medicine, 31, 51–59.
Mireault, G. C., & Compas, B. E. (1996). A prospective study of coping and adjustment before and after a parent's death from cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 14, 1–18.
Morgan, J., Sanford, M., & Johnson, C. (1992). The impact of a physically ill parent on adolescents: Cross-sectional findings from a clinic population. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 423–427.
Northouse, L. (1984). The impact of cancer on the family: An overview. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 14, 215–242.
Pederson, L. M., & Valanis, B. G. (1988). The effects of breast cancer on the family: A review of the literature. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 6, 95–118.
Peters, L. C., & Esses, L. M. (1985). Family environment as perceived by children with a chronically ill parent. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 38, 301–308.
Prinstein, M. J., La Greca, A., Vernberg, E. M., & Silverman, W. K. (1996). Children's coping assistance: How parents, teachers, and friends help children cope after a natural disaster. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 463–475.
Reiss, D., Steinglass, P., & Howe, G. (1993). The family's organization around the illness. In R. E. Cole & D. Reiss (Eds.), How do families cope with chronic illness?. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Richters, J. E. (1992). Depressed mothers as informants about their children: A critical review of the evidence for distortion. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 485–499.
Rickard, K. (1988). The occurrence of maladaptive health-related behaviors and teacher-rated conduct problems in children of chronic low back pain patients. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 107–116.
Rolland, J. S. (1987). Chronic illness and the life cycle: A conceptual framework. Family Process, 26, 203–221.
Rolland, J. S. (1988). A conceptual model of chronic and life-threatening illness and its impact on the family. In C. Chilman, E. Nunnally, & F. Cox (Eds.), Chronic illness and disability (pp. 143–169). Beverly Hills CA: Sage.
Rolland, J. S. (1990). Anticipatory loss: A family systems developmental framework. Family Process, 29, 229–244.
Rolland, J. S. (1993). Mastering family challenges in serious illness and disability. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family processes (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Rolland, J. S. (1994). Families, illness and disability: An integrative treatment model. New York: Basic Books.
Sattler, J. M. (1998). Clinical and forensic interviewing of children and families. San Diego: Jerome Sattler.
Siegel, K., Mesagno, F. P., Karus, D., Christ, G. H., Banks, K., & Moynihan, R. (1992). Psychosocial adjustment of children with a terminally ill parent. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 327–333.
Steele, R. G., Forehand, R., & Armistead, L. (1997). The role of family processes and coping strategies in the relationship between parental chronic illness and childhood internalizing problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 83–94.
Taylor-Brown, J., Acheson, A., and Farber, J. M (1993). Kids can cope: A group intervention for children whose parents have cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 11, 41–53.
Thompson, R. J., & Gustafson, K. E. (1996). Adaptation to chronic childhood illness. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Walsh-Burke, K. (1992). Family communication and coping with cancer: Impact of the we-can weekend. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 10, 63–81.
Welch, A. S., Wadsworth, M. E., & Compas, B. E. (1996). Adjustment of children and adolescents to parental cancer. Cancer, 77, 1409–1418.
Wellisch, D. K., Gritz, E. R., Schain, W., Wang, H., & Siau, J. (1991). Psychological functioning of daughters of breast cancer patients. Part I: Daughters and comparison subjects. Psychosomatics, 32, 324–336.
Woods, N. F., & Lewis, F. M. (1995). Women with chronic illness: Their views of their families' adaptation. Heath Care for Women International, 16, 135–148.
Worsham, N. L., Compas, B. E., & Ey, S. (1997). Children's coping with parental illness. In S. A. Wolchik & I. N. Sandler (Eds.). Handbook of children's coping: Linking theory and intervention (pp. 195–213). New York: Plenum Press.
Wright, L. M., & Leahey, M. (1994). The Calgary Family Intervention Model: One way to think about change. Journal of Marriage and Family Therapy, 20, 381–395.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Korneluk, Y.G., Lee, C.M. Children's Adjustment to Parental Physical Illness. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 1, 179–193 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022654831666
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022654831666