ReviewRole of blood vessels in the neuronal migration
Introduction
Widespread and far-ranging cell migration is one of the hallmarks of the development of the central nervous system (CNS). The cells that are usually generated many millimeters away from their sites of integration find their appropriate destination according to the different molecular and cellular cues. To travel in the developing and in some cases in the adult brain, the neuronal precursors employ a variety of migratory strategies. While it is difficult to discern the general molecular mechanism at play during the different modes of migration, it seems that most of the neuronal precursors use cellular substrates for their locomotion. The nature of these substrates is diverse and it is likely that neuronal precursors undertaking different migratory pathways depend on the proper substrate-specific molecular cues. The common feature of the different migratory modalities, however, is that in addition to providing specific molecular signatures these substrates also serve as a physical scaffold for migrating neuroblasts. Glia and neurons were considered to be the only possible cellular substrates for migrating neuronal precursors [1]. Numerous studies highlighted some of the mechanisms underlying glia-mediated and neuron-mediated displacement of neuronal precursors leading to the concept of gliophilic and neurophilic migratory modes [1], [2], [3], [4]. In addition to these migratory modes, it was recently discovered that neuroblasts might also use blood vessels for their navigation in the brain both under normal [5], [6], [7] and pathological (stroke) [8], [9], [10] conditions. After a brief overview of the gliophilic and neurophilic neuronal migrations, this review focuses on the vasculature-guided (vasophilic) locomotion of neuronal precursors.
Section snippets
Gliophilic and neurophilic neuronal migration
The vast majority of neuronal precursors in the developing CNS migrate along radial glia processes. The principal output neuron progenitors in the neocortex, hippocampus and cerebellum use glial guidance for their radial migration and consecutive establishment of the neuronal laminae [1], [3]. The first observations leading to the general concept of gliophilic migration come from studies showing perfect alignment of neuronal precursors with the processes of radial glia in the developing cortex
Vasophilic migration in the adult brain
Recent data suggest that in addition to the association with other migrating cells, neuronal precursors of OB interneurons use blood vessels for their navigation in the adult brain [5], [7]. The first indication for a vasculature-guided migration of neuronal precursors comes from the study of Bovetti et al. [5]. The authors noticed a tight association between neuroblasts and blood vessels in the OB, where neuronal precursors detach from the chains, stop their tangential migration and start to
Vasophilic migration in stroke
Numerous studies have documented the recruitment of endogenous neuronal precursors from the SVZ to the ischemic striatum or peri-infarct cortical regions [8], [52], [53], [54], [55]. The mechanisms of poststroke neurogenesis are reviewed elsewhere [8], [54], [55]. This review focuses on the recently discovered interactions between migrating neurobalsts and blood vessels in the poststroke areas.
Peri-infarct tissues are characterized by the high degree of angiogenesis [9]. Newly forming blood
Concluding remarks
Most of the migrating cells in the developing and adult brains use physical substrates for their migration. Recent studies have revealed that in addition to the gliophilic and neurophilic migrations, vasophilic guidance of neuronal precursors constitutes an important mode of neuronal targeting under both normal and pathological conditions. Another unsuspected substrate used by migrating cells for their locomotion is meninges. A very elegant study has demonstrated that tangential migration of
Acknowledgements
I thank Dr. Andre Parent for the comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by Parkinson Society Canada and Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) grants. A.S. is a recipient of Canada Research Chair in postnatal neurogenesis.
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