Review articleThe role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review
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The concept of oxidative stress
Oxidative stress was defined as the lack of balance between the occurrence of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and the organism's capacity to counteract their action by the antioxidative protection systems [1].
Oxidative stress emerges from an enhanced ROS/RNS generation or from a decay of the antioxidant protective ability, being characterized by the reduced capacity of endogenous systems to fight against the oxidative attack directed towards target biomolecules. Its severeness is
Definitions and classifications – discussion of the criteria up to now
The concept of biological antioxidant refers to any compound that, when present at a lower concentration compared to that of an oxidizable substrate, is able to either delay or prevent the oxidation of the substrate [19], [67]. Antioxidant functions imply lowering oxidative stress, DNA mutations, malignant transformations, as well as other parameters of cell damage. Epidemiological studies proved antioxidants' ability to contain the effects of reactive oxygen species activity, and diminish the
Critical view on the oxidant-antioxidant balance
While redox biology implies a slight increment of the reactive oxygenated species level, meant to activate signaling pathways, oxidative stress involves elevated ROS amounts, resulting in the impairment of nucleic acids, protein or lipids [286]. Although it has been confirmed that fruits and vegetables represent secure sources of antioxidant vitamin amounts lowering oxidative stress, it has been reported that high antioxidant supplementation can prove unsafe [287]. The results of randomized
Conclusions
Oxidative stress results from an excessive reactive oxygen species generation, and consists in an imbalance of oxidative to reducing species, being also better defined as a perturbation of redox signalling. The action of reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species (superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, lipid peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite) results in alterations and function modulations of key biomolecules.
The marker of DNA damage is represented by 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest involved, and no fundings supporting this paper.
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