Short communicationAn investigation of relationships between hypoxia-inducible factor-1α gene polymorphisms and ovarian, cervical and endometrial cancers
Introduction
Tumor vascularization supplies nutrition and oxygen to proliferating cells, cellular adaptation to hypoxia, and strongly correlates with the risk of invasion and metastasis [1]. An important mediator of such cellular adaptation is hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a critical transcription factor [2]. HIF-1 consists of a constitutively expressed HIF-1ß subunit and one of three subunits (HIF-1α–HIF-3α). HIF-1α forms a heterodimeric complex with HIF-1ß on hypoxic responsive elements and activates transcription of a wide variety of genes which are particularly relevant to cancer [3], [4], [5], [6]. Tumors derived from cells lacking HIF-1α or HIF-1ß show significantly reduced vascularization and growth rates compared to parental cells [7], [8]. In addition, enhanced expression levels of HIF-1α have been reported in human malignancies including colon, breast, stomach, pancreas, prostate, kidney, and esophagus [9], [10], [11].
The determination of SNPs is a new means to study the etiology of polygenic disorders with complex inheritance patterns, such as cancer [12]. All regions of the HIF-1α were examined and a total of 35 SNPs in the gene were found [13]. Polymorphisms of the gene have not been associated with some diseases [14], however, some of them were associated with production of HIF protein and reported to be involved in susceptibility to several disorders [14], [15], [16], [17], [18].
Angiogenesis of gynecologic cancer is regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a target gene of HIF-1α [4]. In studies of ovarian cancer, VEGF expression and microvessel density (MVD) have been correlated with poor survival [19]. Birner et al. found that the combination of HIF-1α protein overexpression with nonfunctional p53 indicates a dismal prognosis of ovarian cancer [20]. It has been reported that HIF-1α expression was an independent prognostic marker in early stage cervical carcinoma [21]. Another study suggests that the increase of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) index and MVD may enhance development of endometrial carcinoma [22]. Indeed, the role of HIF-1α in the development of ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers and their transition to metastases remain to be elucidated.
On the basis of these facts, HIF-1α polymorphisms might contribute to the development and progression of ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers. Nevertheless, there have been no published studies on any population so far, as regards to their relationship. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the role of three SNPs, which were located in coding regions of the gene- one in exon 2 (S28Y), and two in exon 12 (P582S, A588T) in the development and progress of ovarian, cervical and endometrial cancers in the Turkish population.
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Materials and methods
We studied a total of 102 gynecologic cancer patients who were selected from patients admitted to the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University and the Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital. A total of 107 subjects were enrolled as healthy controls (mean ages of menarche: 13 ± 0.25 and mean age: 48 ± 0.2 years, range 25–65). The study was approved by the Committee of Ethics of the Gazi University. All cases and controls were of Caucasian origin and
Results
In control and patient groups, there were no significant deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05). Out of the 107 healthy control cases, 68 cases were type CC, 37 cases were type CT and 2 cases were type TT. No significant differences in genotype (P = 0.759) and allele (P = 0.637) frequencies for C1772T polymorphism were observed between ovarian cancer patients and controls. However, we found a significant difference in the genotype distribution and allele frequencies between the
Discussion
HIF-1α in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis is the target of novel anti-cancer drugs [23]. Therefore, we investigated the polymorphic effects of the changes in the C1772T, G1790A and C111A of the HIF-1α gene on the ovarian, cervical and endometrial cancer patients.
C1772T and G1790A polymorphisms have been reported in relation to patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) [15] and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) [16], [24]. A highly significant increase in the frequency of both
Conflict of Interest
None.
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