Review article
Development of markers of prostate cancer metastasis: Review and perspective,☆☆

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Markers for molecular diagnosis—the emerging role of metastasis-suppressor genes

Metastasis is defined as the formation of progressively growing secondary tumor foci at a site discontinuous from the primary lesion [11]. Metastases can form following invasion into adjacent tissues and dissemination of cells by the lymphatic system and/or blood vasculature. During transport, cells travel individually or as emboli composed of tumor cells or tumor cells and host cells. At the secondary site, cells or emboli arrest either because of their physical size or by binding to specific

The quest for biological markers of metastasis

During the past 35 years, we have witnessed a revolution in our perceptions regarding the etiology of cancer.2 We now have an increased understanding of the genetic basis of neoplasia, the nonrandom nature of metastasis, and the specific molecular changes associated

Future directions

New technologies will continue to increase our ability to detect sensitively both localized cancer and disseminated cancer cells. Our challenge is to identify genetic markers that can be used to improve the value of these emerging technologies. The immediate goal is to improve the ability of the pathologist to unambiguously distinguish malignant from indolent lesions [4]. The practical question is how to identify and develop these markers. When we started this research, the identification of

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our thanks to Dr. Thomas Pretlow for his insightful comments regarding the early efforts to detect cancer cells in the circulation. We appreciate greatly the critical comments of our colleagues Drs. Gail Prins, Robert Radinsky, and Kerry Burnstein during the preparation of this manuscript.

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    This work was supported by American Cancer Society Institutional Grant, IGR41-35-3, NIH P20 CA 66132, University of Chicago Surgery Research Committee Grant; Cancer Research Foundation Young Investigator Award and NIH First Award R29 CA69487 02 (C.W.R.-S.); American Foundation for Urologic Disease (B.A.Y., C.W.R.-S.); and University of Chicago RESCUE Fund (B.A.Y., Z.D.)

    ☆☆

    The importance of historical knowledge in the design of successful metastasis studies is the subject of an outstanding review by Dr. Daniel Welch [50].

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