Original ArticlesReactive Oxygen Species and Intracellular Ca2, Common Signals for Apoptosis Induced by Gallic Acid
Section snippets
Materials
Gallic acid (Nakalai Tesque Co.) was recrystallized from hot water and used for the following experiment. Donor BS, FBS, MEM-Eagle’s salts (with nonessential amino acids), and RPMI-1640 were obtained from the Irvine Scientific Co. LAH and antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin) were from Life Technologies Inc. Trypsin (pancreas protease) was from the Merck Co. BAPTA-AM, SOD, catalase, NAC, verapamil, and DPhl were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries. Proteinase K and RNase A were
Results
We previously reported that gallic acid shows cytotoxic activity against HL-60RG, dRLh-84, HeLa, and PLC/PRF/5 cells with ic50 values of 5.4, 6.2, 6.1, and 6.6 μg/mL, respectively 29, 30, and that the death of HL-60RG cells was by apoptosis, evidenced by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, cell shrinkage, disappearance of microvilli, chromatin condensation, and apoptotic body formation [30]. In this study, therefore, we examined the death of other types of cells and the signal transduction
Discussion
Diverse factors are known to elicit apoptosis, including hormones, toxins, chemotherapeutic drugs, carcinogens, growth factor withdrawal, and physical trauma. The cellular signaling events leading to apoptosis are also quite varied. They include increased Ca2+ levels, activation of protein kinase C or protein kinase A, activation of tyrosine kinase, the production of ceramide, and caspase activation. In this study, we found that gallic acid induced apoptosis in four kinds of cell lines via
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