Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Aberrant signaling pathways in meningiomas

  • Invited Review
  • Published:
Journal of Neuro-Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this article, we provide a brief description of the current understanding of aberrant signaling pathways in meningiomas. Cell signaling pathways are responsible for cellular differentiation, development, growth, growth inhibition, and death. In fact, signaling pathways can affect multiple intracellular functions, including those responsible for development, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Ultimately, a further understanding of the signaling pathways involved in meningioma tumorigenesis will lead to the development and application of novel molecular treatments, such as small molecule inhibitors or interfering ribonucleic acid technologies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Claus EB, Bondy ML, Schildkraut JM, Wiemels JL, Wrensch M, Black PM (2005) Epidemiology of intracranial meningioma. Neurosurgery 57:1088–1095

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Burger P, Scheithauer B, Vogel F (2002) Surgical pathology of the nervous system and its coverings. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  3. Al-Rodhan R, Laws E (1991) The history of intracranial meningiomas. In: Al-Mefty O (ed) Meningiomas. Raven Press, New York, pp 1–6

  4. Ragel BT, Jensen RL (2005) Molecular genetics of meningiomas. Neurosurg Focus 19(5):E9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ragel B, Jensen RL (2003) New approaches for the treatment of refractory meningiomas. Cancer Control 10:148–158

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Tsukita S, Oishi K, Sato N, Sagara J, Kawai A (1994) ERM family members as molecular linkers between the cell surface glycoprotein CD44 and actin-based cytoskeletons. J Cell Biol 126:391–401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gerber MA, Bahr SM, Gutmann DH (2006) Protein 4.1B/differentially expressed in adenocarcinoma of the lung-1 functions as a growth suppressor in meningioma cells by activating Rac1-dependent c-Jun-NH(2)-kinase signaling. Cancer Res 66:5295–5303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lee JH, Sundaram V, Stein DJ, Kinney SE, Stacey DW, Golubic M (1997) Reduced expression of schwannomin/merlin in human sporadic meningiomas. Neurosurgery 40:578–587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gutmann DH, Donahoe J, Perry A, Lemke N, Gorse K, Kittiniyom K, Rempel SA, Gutierrez JA, Newsham IF (2000) Loss of DAL-1, a protein 4.1-related tumor suppressor, is an important early event in the pathogenesis of meningiomas. Hum Mol Genet 9:1495–1500

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ragel B, Jensen R (2003) Pathophysiology of meningiomas. Semin Neurosurg 14:169–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. James MF, Han S, Polizzano C, Plotkin SR, Manning BD, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Gusella JF, Ramesh V (2009) NF2/merlin is a novel negative regulator of mTOR complex 1, and activation of mTORC1 is associated with meningioma and schwannoma growth. Mol Cell Biol 29:4250–4261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Perry A, Cai DX, Scheithauer BW, Swanson PE, Lohse CM, Newsham IF, Weaver A, Gutmann DH (2000) Merlin, DAL-1, and progesterone receptor expression in clinicopathologic subsets of meningioma: a correlative immunohistochemical study of 175 cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59:872–879

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kittiniyom K, Gorse K, Dalbegue F, Lichy J, Taubenberger J, Newsham I (2001) Allelic loss on chromosome band 18p11.3 occurs early and reveals heterogeneity in breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res 3:192–198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gutmann DH, Hirbe AC, Huang ZY, Haipek CA (2001) The protein 4.1 tumor suppressor, DAL-1, impairs cell motility, but regulates proliferation in a cell-type-specific fashion. Neurobiol Dis 8:266–278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Robb VA, Gerber MA, Hart-Mahon EK, Gutmann DH (2005) Membrane localization of the U2 domain of protein 4.1B is necessary and sufficient for meningioma growth suppression. Oncogene 24:1946–1957

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Berkman RA, Merrill MJ, Reinhold WC, Monacci WT, Saxena A, Clark WC, Robertson JT, Ali IU, Oldfield EH (1993) Expression of the vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor gene in central nervous system neoplasms. J Clin Investig 91:153–159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hatva E, Kaipainen A, Mentula P, Jaaskelainen J, Paetau A, Haltia M, Alitalo K (1995) Expression of endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinases and growth factors in human brain tumors. Am J Pathol 146:368–378

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Samoto K, Ikezaki K, Ono M, Shono T, Kohno K, Kuwano M, Fukui M (1995) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its possible relation with neovascularization in human brain tumors. Cancer Res 55:1189–1193

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Takano S, Yoshii Y, Kondo S, Suzuki H, Maruno T, Shirai S, Nose T (1996) Concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor in the serum and tumor tissue of brain tumor patients. Cancer Res 56:2185–2190

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Goldman CK, Bharara S, Palmer CA, Vitek J, Tsai JC, Weiss HL, Gillespie GY (1997) Brain edema in meningiomas is associated with increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Neurosurgery 40:1269–1277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kalkanis SN, Carroll RS, Zhang J, Zamani AA, Black PM (1996) Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA expression with peritumoral vasogenic cerebral edema in meningiomas. J Neurosurg 85:1095–1101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Provias J, Claffey K, delAguila L, Lau N, Feldkamp M, Guha A (1997) Meningiomas: role of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor in angiogenesis and peritumoral edema. Neurosurgery 40:1016–1026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lamszus K, Lengler U, Schmidt NO, Stavrou D, Ergun S, Westphal M (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and placenta growth factor in human meningiomas and their relation to angiogenesis and malignancy. Neurosurgery 46:938–947 (discussion 947–948)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Shono T, Inamura T, Torisu M, Suzuki SO, Fukui M (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor and malignant transformation of a meningioma: case report. Neurol Res 22:189–193

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Dietzmann K, von Bossanyi P, Warich-Kirches M, Kirches E, Synowitz HJ, Firsching R (1997) Immunohistochemical detection of vascular growth factors in angiomatous and atypical meningiomas, as well as hemangiopericytomas. Pathol Res Pract 193:503–510

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nishikawa R, Cheng SY, Nagashima R, Huang HJ, Cavenee WK, Matsutani M (1998) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol 96:453–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Pietsch T, Valter MM, Wolf HK, von Deimling A, Huang HJ, Cavenee WK, Wiestler OD (1997) Expression and distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor protein in human brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol 93:109–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Jensen RL, Soleau S, Bhayani MK, Christiansen D (2002) Expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha and correlation with preoperative embolization of meningiomas. J Neurosurg 97:658–667

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Yamasaki F, Yoshioka H, Hama S, Sugiyama K, Arita K, Kurisu K (2000) Recurrence of meningiomas. Cancer 89:1102–1110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bitzer M, Opitz H, Popp J, Morgalla M, Gruber A, Heiss E, Voigt K (1998) Angiogenesis and brain oedema in intracranial meningiomas: influence of vascular endothelial growth factor. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140:333–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Yoshioka H, Hama S, Taniguchi E, Sugiyama K, Arita K, Kurisu K (1999) Peritumoral brain edema associated with meningioma: influence of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and vascular blood supply. Cancer 85:936–944

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tsai JC, Hsiao YY, Teng LJ, Shun CT, Chen CT, Goldman CK, Kao MC (1999) Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in human meningioma cells. J Formos Med Assoc 98:111–117

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Forsythe JA, Jiang BH, Iyer NV, Agani F, Leung SW, Koos RD, Semenza GL (1996) Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Mol Cell Biol 16:4604–4613

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Richard DE, Berra E, Pouyssegur J (1999) Angiogenesis: how a tumor adapts to hypoxia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 266:718–722

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wang GL, Jiang BH, Rue EA, Semenza GL (1995) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:5510–5514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Harland SP, Kuc RE, Pickard JD, Davenport AP (1995) Characterization of endothelin receptors in human brain cortex, gliomas, and meningiomas. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 26(Suppl 3):S408–S411

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kitagawa N, Tsutsumi K, Niwa M, Himeno A, Yamashita K, Shibata S, Taniyama K, Kurihara M, Kawano T, Yasunaga A et al (1994) Expression of a functional endothelin (ETA) receptor in human meningiomas. J Neurosurg 80:723–731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Pagotto U, Arzberger T, Hopfner U, Sauer J, Renner U, Newton CJ, Lange M, Uhl E, Weindl A, Stalla GK (1995) Expression and localization of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptors in human meningiomas. Evidence for a role in tumoral growth. J Clin Investig 96:2017–2025

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Pagotto U, Arzberger T, Hopfner U, Weindl A, Stalla GK (1995) Cellular localization of endothelin receptor mRNAs (ETA and ETB) in brain tumors and normal human brain. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 26(Suppl 3):S104–S106

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Yamaga S, Tsutsumi K, Niwa M, Kitagawa N, Anda T, Himeno A, Khalid H, Taniyama K, Shibata S (1995) Endothelin receptor in microvessels isolated from human meningiomas: quantification with radioluminography. Cell Mol Neurobiol 15:327–340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Beks JW, de Windt HL (1988) The recurrence of supratentorial meningiomas after surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 95:3–5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Harland SP, Kuc RE, Pickard JD, Davenport AP (1998) Expression of endothelin (A) receptors in human gliomas and meningiomas, with high affinity for the selective antagonist PD156707. Neurosurgery 43:890–898 (discussion 898–899)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Laurendeau I, Ferrer M, Garrido D, D’Haene N, Ciavarelli P, Basso A, Vidaud M, Bieche I, Salmon I, Szijan I (2010) Gene expression profiling of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in human meningiomas. Mol Med 16:262–270

    Google Scholar 

  44. Mawrin C, Sasse T, Kirches E, Kropf S, Schneider T, Grimm C, Pambor C, Vorwerk CK, Firsching R, Lendeckel U, Dietzmann K (2005) Different activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt signaling is associated with aggressive phenotype of human meningiomas. Clin Cancer Res 11:4074–4082

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cuevas IC, Slocum AL, Jun P, Costello JF, Bollen AW, Riggins GJ, McDermott MW, Lal A (2005) Meningioma transcript profiles reveal deregulated Notch signaling pathway. Cancer Res 65:5070–5075

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Baia GS, Stifani S, Kimura ET, McDermott MW, Pieper RO, Lal A (2008) Notch activation is associated with tetraploidy and enhanced chromosomal instability in meningiomas. Neoplasia (N Y) 10:604–612

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Adams EF, Todo T, Schrell UM, Thierauf P, White MC, Fahlbusch R (1991) Autocrine control of human meningioma proliferation: secretion of platelet-derived growth-factor-like molecules. Int J Cancer 49:398–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Jensen RL, Lee YS, Guijrati M, Origitano TC, Wurster RD, Reichman OH (1995) Inhibition of in vitro meningioma proliferation after growth factor stimulation by calcium channel antagonists: part II—additional growth factors, growth factor receptor immunohistochemistry, and intracellular calcium measurements. Neurosurgery 37:937–946 (discussion 946–947)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Johnson MD, Horiba M, Winnier AR, Arteaga CL (1994) The epidermal growth factor receptor is associated with phospholipase C-gamma 1 in meningiomas. Hum Pathol 25:146–153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Maxwell M, Galanopoulos T, Hedley-Whyte ET, Black PM, Antoniades HN (1990) Human meningiomas co-express platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF-receptor genes and their protein products. Int J Cancer 46:16–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Schrell UM, Gauer S, Kiesewetter F, Bickel A, Hren J, Adams EF, Fahlbusch R (1995) Inhibition of proliferation of human cerebral meningioma cells by suramin: effects on cell growth, cell cycle phases, extracellular growth factors, and PDGF-BB autocrine growth loop. J Neurosurg 82:600–607

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Takahashi JA, Suzui H, Yasuda Y, Ito N, Ohta M, Jaye M, Fukumoto M, Oda Y, Kikuchi H, Hatanaka M (1991) Gene expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors in the tissues of human gliomas and meningiomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 177:1–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Todo T, Adams EF, Fahlbusch R (1993) Inhibitory effect of trapidil on human meningioma cell proliferation via interruption of autocrine growth stimulation. J Neurosurg 78:463–469

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Todo T, Adams EF, Fahlbusch R, Dingermann T, Werner H (1996) Autocrine growth stimulation of human meningioma cells by platelet-derived growth factor. J Neurosurg 84:852–858 (discussion 858–859)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ueba T, Takahashi JA, Fukumoto M, Ohta M, Ito N, Oda Y, Kikuchi H, Hatanaka M (1994) Expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in human glioma and meningioma tissues. Neurosurgery 34:221–225 (discussion 225–226)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wang JL, Nister M, Hermansson M, Westermark B, Ponten J (1990) Expression of PDGF beta-receptors in human meningioma cells. Int J Cancer 46:772–778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Weisman AS, Raguet SS, Kelly PA (1987) Characterization of the epidermal growth factor receptor in human meningioma. Cancer Res 47:2172–2176

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Jensen RL, Origitano TC, Lee YS, Weber M, Wurster RD (1995) In vitro growth inhibition of growth factor-stimulated meningioma cells by calcium channel antagonists. Neurosurgery 36:365–373 (discussion 373–374)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Johnson MD, Okedli E, Woodard A, Toms SA, Allen GS (2002) Evidence for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-p7S6K pathway activation and transduction of mitogenic signals by platelet-derived growth factor in meningioma cells. J Neurosurg 97:668–675

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Johnson MD, Woodard A, Kim P, Frexes-Steed M (2001) Evidence for mitogen-associated protein kinase activation and transduction of mitogenic signals by platelet-derived growth factor in human meningioma cells. J Neurosurg 94:293–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Johnson MD, Okediji E, Woodard A (2004) Transforming growth factor-beta effects on meningioma cell proliferation and signal transduction pathways. J Neurooncol 66:9–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Johnson MD, Federspiel CF, Gold LI, Moses HL (1992) Transforming growth factor-beta and transforming growth factor beta-receptor expression in human meningioma cells. Am J Pathol 141:633–642

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Bajetto A, Barbieri F, Pattarozzi A, Dorcaratto A, Porcile C, Ravetti JL, Zona G, Spaziante R, Schettini G, Florio T (2007) CXCR4 and SDF1 expression in human meningiomas: a proliferative role in tumoral meningothelial cells in vitro. Neurooncology 9:3–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Johnson MD, O’Connell MJ, Vito F, Pilcher W (2009) Bone morphogenetic protein 4 and its receptors are expressed in the leptomeninges and meningiomas and signal via the Smad pathway. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 68:1177–1183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Carroll RS, Black PM, Zhang J, Kirsch M, Percec I, Lau N, Guha A (1997) Expression and activation of epidermal growth factor receptors in meningiomas. J Neurosurg 87:315–323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Hasegawa-Sasaki H, Lutz F, Sasaki T (1988) Pathway of phospholipase C activation initiated with platelet-derived growth factor is different from that initiated with vasopressin and bombesin. J Biol Chem 263:12970–12976

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Karin M (1992) Signal transduction from cell surface to nucleus in development and disease. FASEB J 6:2581–2590

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Schlessinger J, Ullrich A, Honegger AM, Moolenaar WH (1988) Signal transduction by epidermal growth factor receptor. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 53(Pt 1):515–519

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Benjamin CW, Connor JA, Tarpley WG, Gorman RR (1988) NIH-3T3 cells transformed by the EJ-ras oncogene exhibit reduced platelet-derived growth factor-mediated Ca2+ mobilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:4345–4349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Berridge MJ, Taylor CW (1988) Inositol trisphosphate and calcium signaling. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 53(Pt 2):927–933

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Bishayee S, Majumdar S, Khire J, Das M (1989) Ligand-induced dimerization of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Monomer-dimer interconversion occurs independent of receptor phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 264:11699–11705

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Meisenhelder J, Suh PG, Rhee SG, Hunter T (1989) Phospholipase C-gamma is a substrate for the PDGF and EGF receptor protein-tyrosine kinases in vivo and in vitro. Cell 57:1109–1122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Obermeier A, Tinhofer I, Grunicke HH, Ullrich A (1996) Transforming potentials of epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor receptors inversely correlate with their phospholipase C gamma affinity and signal activation. EMBO J 15:73–82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ragel BT, Jensen RL, Gillespie DL, Prescott SM, Couldwell WT (2007) Celecoxib inhibits meningioma tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Cancer 109:588–597

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Jensen RL, Petr M, Wurster RD (2000) Calcium channel antagonist effect on in vitro meningioma signal transduction pathways after growth factor stimulation. Neurosurgery 46:692–702 (discussion 702–703)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Todo T, Fahlbusch R (1994) Accumulation of inositol phosphates in low-passage human meningioma cells following treatment with epidermal growth factor. J Neurosurg 80:890–896

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Cole K, Kohn E (1994) Calcium-mediated signal transduction: biology, biochemistry, and therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 13:31–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Felder CC, Ma AL, Liotta LA, Kohn EC (1991) The antiproliferative and antimetastatic compound L651582 inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-stimulated calcium influx and arachidonic acid release. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257:967–971

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Sortino MA, Yasumoto T, Cronin MJ (1990) Maitotoxin increases free calcium and inositol phosphates in rat anterior pituitary cells. Pharmacol Res 22(Suppl 1):73–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kohn EC, Liotta LA (1990) L651582: a novel antiproliferative and antimetastasis agent. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:54–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sutherland C, Walsh MP (1989) Activation of protein kinase C by the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, felodipine. Biochem Pharmacol 38:1263–1270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ragel BT, Jensen RL, Couldwell WT (2007) Inflammatory response and meningioma tumorigenesis and the effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Neurosurg Focus 23(4):E7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Kristin Kraus, M.Sc., and Shirley McCartney, Ph.D., for their editorial assistance in preparing this paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    Brian T. Ragel

  2. Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    Brian T. Ragel

  3. Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 N. Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA

    Randy L. Jensen

  4. Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Randy L. Jensen

Authors
  1. Brian T. Ragel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Randy L. Jensen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Randy L. Jensen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ragel, B.T., Jensen, R.L. Aberrant signaling pathways in meningiomas. J Neurooncol 99, 315–324 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-010-0381-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-010-0381-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation