Abstract
Placenta growth factor (PlGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) are angiogenic growth factors interacting competitively with the same receptors. VEGF-A is essential in both normal and pathologic conditions, but the functions of PlGF seem to be restricted to pathologic conditions such as ischemic heart disease, arthritis and tumor growth. Angiogenesis is a complex process with several growth factors involved. Because PlGF modulates VEGF-A responses, we investigated their mutual relationship and impact on breast cancer prognosis. Quantitative PlGF and VEGF-A levels were measured in 229 tumor tissue specimen from primarily operated patients with unilateral breast cancer. Non-malignant breast tissue was also dissected near the tumor and quantitative measurements were available for 211 patients. PlGF and VEGF-A protein levels in homogenized tissue lysates were analyzed using the Luminex system. We found significantly higher median levels of PlGF and VEGF-A in tumor tissue compared to non-malignant tissue (PlGF: 69.8 vs. 31.4 pg/mg, p < 0.001 and VEGF-A: 1148.2 vs. 163.5 pg/mg, p < 0.001). PlGF and VEGF-A were correlated in both malignant tissue (r = 0.41, p < 0.001) and in non-malignant tissue (r = 0.69, p < 0.001). The proportion of node positive patients was higher with high PlGF expression (61.4%) than with low PlGF expression (45.6%) in tumor tissue, p = 0.024. High levels of PlGF and VEGF-A in tumor tissue were associated with significant shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) in both univariate analysis (PlGF: p = 0.023; VEGF-A: p = 0.047) and in multivariate analysis (PlGF: p = 0.026; VEGF-A: p = 0.036). Neither PlGF nor VEGF-A expression in non-malignant tissue were predictors for RFS. In conclusion, our results support the mutual relationship between PlGF and VEGF-A and encourage further investigations as prognostic markers in breast cancer patients.
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Acknowledgments
This study was enabled by the Department of Surgery, Vejle Hospital, who enrolled the patients. We thank Sara Egsgaard and Camilla Davidsen for their thorough and committed assistance in the laboratory. A special thank to Birthe Østergaard and Anne Marie Bak Jylling for tissue collection.
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The authors declare no financial conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and publication of this article.
Ethical standards
This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Southern Denmark (project identification number VF-20040017) and complies with the Danish low of “Act on Processing of Personal Data” (Act No. 429 of 31 May 2000).
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Online Resource 1 Kaplan–Meier RFS for PlGF and VEGF-A in tumor tissue in the subgroups of high-risk patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (b,d) and no adjuvant chemotherapy (a, c) (PDF 41 kb)
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Maae, E., Olsen, D.A., Steffensen, K.D. et al. Prognostic impact of placenta growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A in patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 133, 257–265 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-012-1957-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-012-1957-0