Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The role of cyclooxygenase-2 in breast cancer: review

  • Review
  • Published:
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There is a growing body of evidence that COX-2 expression s a fundamental step in breast cancer pathogenesis acting through prostaglandin-dependent and independent mechanisms. Epidemiological studies suggest that NSAIDs confer a moderate degree of benefit against breast cancer. However further work is required to establish how this enzyme system can be best manipulated for therapeutic benefit.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Sasco AJ (2003) Breast cancer and the environment. Horm Res 60(Suppl 3):50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM (1994) The X-Ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1. Nature 367(6460):243–249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hla T, Bishop-Bailey D, Liu CH, Schaefers HJ, Trifan OC (1999) Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 isoenzymes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 31(5):551–557

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Smith WL, Garavito M, Dewitt DL (1996) Prostaglandin endoperoxide-H synthases-1 and -2. J Biol Chem 271(52):33157–33160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Appleby SB, Ristimaki A, Neilson K, Narko K, Hla T (1994) Structure of the human cyclooxygenase-2 gene. Biochem J 302(3):723–1127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kujubu DA, Herschman HR (1992) Dexamethasone inhibits mitogen induction of the TS10 prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase gene. J Biol Chem 267(12):7991–7994

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Herschman HR (1996) Prostaglandin synthase-2. Biochim Biophys Acta 1299(1):125–140

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Appleby SB, Ristimaki A, Neilson K, Narko K, Hla T (1994) Structure of the human cyclooxygenase-2 gene. Biochem J 302(3):723–727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Yamagata K, Andreasson KI, Kaufmann WE, Barnes CA, Worley PF (1993) Expression of a mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase in brain neurones: regulation by synaptic activity and glucocorticoids. Neuron 11(4):371–386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Simmons DL, Xie W, Chipman JG, Evett GE (1991) Multiple cyclooxygenases: cloning of a mitogen-inducible form. In: Bailey JM (ed) Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins and PAF. Plenum Press, New York, pp67–88

    Google Scholar 

  11. Walenga RW, Kester M, Coroneos E, Butcher S, Dwivedi R, Statt C (1996) Constitutive expression of prostaglandin endoperoxide G/H synthetase (PGHS)-2 but not PGHS-1 in human tracheal epithelial cells in vitro. Prostaglandins 52(5):341–359

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Harris RC, McKanna JA, Akai Y, Jacobson HR, Dubois RN, Breyer MD (1994) Cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with the macula densa of rat kidney and increases with salt restriction. J Clin Invest 94(6):2504–2510

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Spencer AG, Woods JW, Arakawa T, Singer II, Smith WL (1998) Subcellular localisation of prostaglandin endoperoxidase H synthases-1 and -2 by immunoelectron microscopy. J Biol Chem 273(16):9886–9893

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Fitzpatrick FA, Soberman R (2001) Regulated formation of eicosanoids. J Clin Invest 107(11):1347–1351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Murakami M, Naraba H, Tanioka T, Semmyo N, Nkatari Y, Kojima F, Ikeda T, Fueki M, Ueno A, Oh S, Kudo I (2000) Regulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis by inducible membrane-associated prostalglandin E2 synthase that acts in concert with cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 275(42):32783–32792

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tanioka T, Nakatani Y, Semmyo N, Murakami M, Kudo I (2000) Molecular identification of cytosolic prostaglandin E2 synthase that is functionally coupled with cyclooxygenase-1 in immediate prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 275(42):32775–32782

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dinchuk JE, Car BD, Focht RJ, Johnston JJ, Jaffee BD, Covington MB, Contel NR, Eng VM, Collins RJ, Czemiak PM (1995) Renal abnormalities and an altered inflammatory response in mice lacking cyclooxygenase-2. Nature 378(6555):406–409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lim H, Paria BC, Das SK, Dinchuk JE, Langenbach R, Trzaskos JM, Dey SK (1997) Multiple female reproductive failures in cyclooxygenase-2 deficient mice. Cell 91(2):197–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Davis BJ, Lennard DE, Lee CA, Tiano HF, Morham SG, Wetsel WC, Langenbach R (1999) Anovulation in cyclooxygenase-2 deficient mice is restored by prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1 beta. Endocrinology 140(6):2685–2695

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Morham SG, Langenbach R, Loftin CD, Tiano HF, Vouloumanos N, Jennette JC, Mahler JF, Kluckman KD, Ledford A, Lee CA (1995) Prostaglandin synthase-2 gene disruption causes severe renal pathology in the mouse. Cell 83(3):473–482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Loftin CD, Trivedi DR, Tiano HF, Clark JA, Lee CA, Epstein JA, Morham SG, Breyer MD, Nguyen M, Hawkins BM (2001) Failure of ductus arteriosus closure and remodelling in neonatal mice deficient in cyclooxygenase-1 and -2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(3):1059–1064

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Rocca B, Spain LM, Pure E, langenbach R, Patrono C, Fitzgerald GA (1999) Distinct roles of prostaglandin H synthases-1 and -2 in T-cell development. J Clin Invest 103(10):1469–1477

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ohki S, Ogino N, Yamamoto S, Hayaishi O (1979) Prostaglandin hydrperoxidase, an integral part of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes. J Biol Chem 254(3):829–836

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Munroe DG, Wang EY, MacIntyre JP, Tam SS, Lee DH, Taylor GR, Zhou L, Plante RK, Kazami SM, Bauerle PA (1995) Novel intracellular signalling function of prostaglandin H synthase-1 in NF-kappa β activation. J Inflamm 45(4):260–268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Josephy PD, Eling TE, Mason RP (1983) Co-oxidation of benzidine by prostaglandin synthase and comparison with the action of horseradish peroxidase. J Biol Chem 258(9):5561–5569

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hwang D, Scollard D, Byrne J, Levine E (1998) Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90(6):455–460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Soslow RA, Dannenberg AJ, Rush D, Woerner BM, Khan KN, Masferrer J, Koki AT (2000) Cyclooxygenase-2 is expressed in human pulmonary, colonic and mammary tumours. Cancer 89(12):2637–2645

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ristimaki A, Sivula A, Lundin J, Lundin M, Salminen T, Haglund C, Joensuu H, Isola J (2002) Prognostic significance of elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in breast cancer. Cancer Res 62(3):632–635

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Half E, Tang XM, Gwyn K, Sahin A, Wathen K, Sinicrope FA (2002) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human breast cancers and adjacent ductal carcinoma in situ. Cancer Res 62:1676–1681

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Boland GP, Butt IP, Prasad R, Knox WF, Bundred NJ (2004) COX-2 expression is associated with an aggressive phenotype in ductal carcinoma in situ. Br J Cancer 90:423–429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kelly LM, Hill ADK, Kennedy S, Connolly EM, Ramanath R, Teh S, Dijkstra B, Purcell R, McDermott EW, O’Higgins N (2002) Lack of prognostic effect of COX-2 expression in primary breast cancer on short term follow-up. Eur J Surg Oncol 29:707–710

    Google Scholar 

  32. Singh Ranger G, Thomas V, Jewell A, Mokbel K (2004) Elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with distant metastases in breast cancer. Anticancer Res 24(4):2349–2351

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kirkpatrick K, Ogunkolade W, Bustin S, Jenkins P, Ghilchik M, Mokbel K (2001) The mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 69(3):373

    Google Scholar 

  34. Watanabe O, Shimizu T, Imamura H, Kinoshita J, Utada Y, Okabe T, Kimura K, Hirano A, Yoshimatsu K, Aiba M, Ogawa K (2003) Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in malignant and benign breast tumours. Anticancer Res 23(4):3215–3221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Yoshimura N, Sano H, Okamoto M, Akioka K, Ushogome H, Kadotani Y, Yoshimura R, Nobori S, Higuchi A, Ohmori Y, Nakamura K (2003) Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in human breast cancer. Surg Today 33:805–811

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhao XQ, Pang D, Xue YW (2003) Expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene in human breast carcinoma. Zhongua Wai Ke Za Zhi 41(6):427–429

    Google Scholar 

  37. Guo GL, Yao ZX, Wu J (2003) The clinical significance of expression of cyclooxygenase-2 gene in breast cancer. Zhongua Yi Xue Za Zhi 83(19):1661–1664

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Singh Ranger G, Kirkpatrick KL, Clark GM, Mokbel K (2003) Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression correlates with progesterone receptor positivity in human breast cancer. Curr Med Res Opin 19(2):131–134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Appleby SB, Ristimaki A, Neilson K, Narko K, Hla T (1994) Structure of the human cyclooxygenase-2 gene. Biochem J 302(3):723–727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kosaka T, Miyata A, Ihara H, Hara S, Sugimoto T, Takedo O, Takahashi E, Tanabe T (1994) Characterisation of the human gene (PTGS2) encoding prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2. Eur J Biochem 221:889–897

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Chen C-Y, Shyu A-B (1995) AU-rich elements; characterisation and importance in mRNA degradation. Trends Biochem Sci 20:465–470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ristimaki A, Garfinkel S, Wessendorf J, Maciag T, Hla T (1994) Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by interleukin 1-alpha. Evidence for post-transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem 269:11769–11775

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Srivasta SK, Tetsuka T, Daphna-Iken D, Morrison AR (1994) IL 1 beta stabilises COX II mRNA in renal mesangial cells; role of 3′ untranslated region. Am J Physiol 36:F504–F508

    Google Scholar 

  44. Evett GE, Xie W, Chipman JG, Robertson DL, Simmons DL, Prostaglandin GH (1993) Synthase isoenyme 2 expression in fibroblasts: regulation by dexamethasone, mitogens and oncogenes. Arch Biochem Biophys 306:169–177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ristimaki A, Narko K, Hla T (1996) Downregulation of cytokine-induced cyclooxygenase-2 transcript isoforms by dexamethasone: evidence for post-transcriptional regulation. Biochem J 318(1):325–331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R (2001) Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. PNAS USA 98:10869–10874

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Brueggemeier RW, Richards JA, Petrel TA (2003) Aromatase and cyclooxygenases: enzymes in breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 86:501–507

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Read DL, Greene GL, Katzenellenbogen BS (1989) Regulation of estrogen receptor messenger ribonulcelic acid and protein levels in human breast cancer cell lines by sex steroid hormones, their antagonists, and growth factors. Mol Endocrinol 3(2):295–304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Katzenellenbogen BS, Norman MJ (1990) Multihormonal regulation of the progesterone receptor in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: interrelationships among insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I serum, and estrogen. Endocrinology 126(2):891–898

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Cho H, Aronica SM, Katzenellenbogen BS (1994) Regulation of progesterone receptor gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: a comparison of the effects of cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-Monophosphate, Estradiol, Insulin-like growth factor-I serum, and serum factors. Endocrinology 134(2):658–664

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Vienonen A, Syvala H, Miettinen S, Tuohimaa P, Ylikomi T (2002) Expression of progesterone receptor isoforms A and B is differentially regulated by estrogen in different breast cancer cell lines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 80:307–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Salhab M, Singh Ranger G, Mokbel R, Jouhra F, Jiang WG, Mokbel K (2007) Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression correlates with aromatase expression in human breast cancer (in press)

  53. Nakatsugi S, Ohta T, Kawamori T, Mutoh M, Tanigawa T, Watanabe K, Sugie S, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K (2000) Chemoprevention by nimesulide, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5,6] pyridine (PhIP)-induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 91(9):886–892

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Howe LR, Crawford HC, Subbaramaiah K, Haassell JA, Dannenberg AJ, Brown AMC (2001) PEA-3 is upregulated in response to Wnt1 and activates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 276(23):20108–20115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Liu CH, Chang SH, narko K, Trifan OC, Wu MT, Smith E, Haudenschild C, Lane TF, Hla T (2001) Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 is sufficient to induce tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 276(21):18563–18569

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Oshima M, Dinchuk JE, Kargman SL, Oshima H, Hancock B, Kwong E, Trzaskos JM, Evans JF, Taketo MM (1996) Suppression of intestinal polyposis in APC delta 716 knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Cell 87(5):803–809

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Shim V, Gauthier ML, Sudilovsky D, Mantei K, Chew KL, Moore DH, Cha I, Tlsty TD, Esserman L (2003) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is related to nuclear grade in ductal carcinoma in situ and is increased in its normal adjacent epithelium. Cancer Res 63:2347–2350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Tan KB, Yong WP, Putti TC (2004) Cyclooxygenase-2 expression: a potential prognostic and predictive marker for high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Histopathology 44(1):24–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Perrone G, Santini D, Vincenzi B, Zagami M, La Cesa A, Bianchi A, Altomare V, Primavera A, Battista C, Vetrani A, Tonini G, Rabitti C (2005) COX-2 expression in DCIS: correlation with VEGF, HER2/neu, prognostic molecular markers and clinicopathological features. Histopathology 46:561–568

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Howe LR, Subbaramaiah K, Brown AM, Dannenberg AJ (2001) Cyclooxygenase-2: a target for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 8(2):97–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Subbaramaiah K, Telang N, Ramonetti JT, Araki R, DeVito B, Weksler BB, Dannenberg AJ (1996) Transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 is enhanced in transformed mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 56(19):4424–4429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sheng H, Williams CS, Shao J, Liang P, Dubois RN, Beauchamp RD (1998) Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 by activated Ha-ras oncogene in Rat-1 fibroblasts and the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 273(34):22120–22127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Vadlamudi R, Mandal M, Adam L, Steinbach G, Mendelsohn J, Kumar R (1999) Regulation of the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway by the HER-2 receptor. Oncogene 18(2):305–314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Mestre JR, Subbaramaiah K, Sacks PG, Schantz SP, Tanabe T, Inoue H, Dannenberg AJ (1997) Retinoids suppress epidermal growth factor-induced transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 57(14):2890–2895

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Xie W, Herschmann HR (1995) v-src induces prostaglandin synthase-2 gene expression by activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase and the c-Jun transcription factor. J Biol Chem 270(46):27622–27628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Xie W, Herschmann HR (1996) Transcriptional regulation of prostaglandin synthase-2 gene expression by platelet derived growth factor and serum. J Biol Chem 271(49):31742–31748

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Subbaramaiah K, Altorki N, Chung WJ, Mestre JR, Sampat A, Dannenberg AJ (1999) Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression by p53. J Biol Chem 274(16):10911–10915

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Nolan RD, Danilowicz RM, Eling TE (1988) Role of arachidonic acid metabolism in the mitogenic response of BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts to epidermal growth factor. Mol Pharmacol 33(6):650–656

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Goin M, Pignataro O, Jimenez de Asua L (1993) Early cell cycle diacyglycerol (DAG) content and protein kinase C (PKC) activity enhancement potentiates prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) induced mitogenesis in Swiss 3T3 cells. FEBS Lett 316(1):68–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bandyopadhyay GK, Imagawa W, Wallace D, Nandi S (1987) Linoleate metabolites enhance the in vitro proliferative response of mouse mammary epithelial cells to epidermal growth factor. J Biol Chem 262(6):2750–2756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Huang M, Sharma S, Mao JT, Dubinett SM (1996) Non-small cell lung cancer-derived soluble mediators and prostaglandin E2 enhance peripheral blood lymphocyte IL-10 transcription and protein synthesis. J Immunol 157(12):5512–5520

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Stolina M, Sharma S, Zhu L, Dubinett SM (2000) Lung cancer cyclooxygenase-2 dependent inhibition of dendritic cell maturation and function. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 41:619

    Google Scholar 

  73. Rolland PH, Martin PM, Jacquerier J, Roland AM, Toga M (1980) Prostaglandin production in human breast cancer: evidence suggesting that an elevated prostaglandin production is a marker of high metastatic potential for neoplastic cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 64(5):1061–1070

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. James VHT, Reed MJ (1980) Steroid hormones and human cancer. Prog Cancer Res Ther 14:471–487

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Zhao Y, Agarwal VR, Mendelsohn CR, Simpson ER (1996) Oestrogen biosynthesis proximal to a breast tumour is stimulated by PGE2 via cyclic AMP, leading to activation of promoter II of the CYP19 (aromatase) gene. Endocrinology 137(12):5739–5742

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Zhao Y, Agarwal VR, Mendelsohn CR, Simpson ER (1997) Transcriptional regulation of CYP19 (aromatase) gene expression in adipose stromal cells in primary culture. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 61(3–6):203–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Yamamoto K, Arakawa T, Veda N, Yamamoto S (1995) Transcriptional roles of nuclear factor-interleukin-6 in the tumour necrosis factor α-dependent induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in MC3T3-E1 cells. J Biol Chem 270(52):31315–31320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Prescott SM, Fitzpatrick FA (2000) Cyclooxygenase-2 and carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1470(2):M69–M78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Wiese FW, Thompson PA, Kadlubar FF (2001) Carcinogen substrate specificity of human cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. Carcinogenesis 22(1):5–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Tsujii M, Kawano S, Tsuji S, Sawaoka H, Hori M, DuBois RN (1998) Cyclooxygenase regulates angiogenesis-induced by colon cancer cells. Cell 93(5):705–716

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gately S (2001) The contributions of cyclooxygenase-2 to tumour angiogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 19(1–2):19–27

    Google Scholar 

  82. Kirkpatrick K, Ogunkolade W, Bustin S, Jenkins P, Ghilchik M, Mokbel K (2001) The mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and vascualr endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 69(3):373

    Google Scholar 

  83. Williams CS, Tsujii M, Reese J, Dey SK, DuBois RN (2000) Host cyclooxygenase-2 modulates carcinoma growth. J Clin Invest 105(11):1589–1594

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Marnett LJ (1992) Aspirin and the potential role of prostaglandins in colon cancer. Cancer Res 52(20):5575–5589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Takahashi Y, Kawahara F, Noguchi M, Miwa K, Sato H, Seiki M, Inoue H, Tanabe T, Yoshimoto T (1999) Activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human breast cancer cells overexpressing cyclooxygenase-1 or -2. FEBS Lett 460(1):145–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Hong BK, Kwon HM, Lee BK, Kim D, Kim IJ, Kang SM, Jang Y, Cho SH, Kim HK (2000) Co-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinases in human aortic atherosclerotic lesions. Yonsei Med J 41(1):82–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Iawata H, Kobayashi S, Iwase H, Masaoka A, Fujimoto N, Okada Y (1996) Production of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in human breast carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res 87(6):602–611

    Google Scholar 

  88. Friedman GD, Ury HK (1980) Initial screening for carcinogenicity of commonly used drugs. J Natl Cancer Inst 65(4):723–733

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Paganini-Hill A, Cho A, Ross RK, Henderson BE (1989) Aspirin use and chronic diseases: a cohort study of the elderly. Br Med J 299(6710):1247–1250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Zauber AG, Warshauer ME, Stolley PD, Shapiro S (1991) A hypothesis: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the incidence of large bowel cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 83(5):355–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Calle EE, Flanders WD, Heath CW (1993) Aspirin use and risk of fatal cancer. Cancer Res 53(6):1322–1327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Harris RE, Kasbari S, Farrar WB (1999) Prospective study of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and breast cancer. Oncol Rep 6(1):71–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Schreinmachers DM, Everson RB (1994) Aspirin use and lung, colon and breast cancer incidence in a prospective study. Epidemiology 5(2):138–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Sharpe CR, Collett JP, McNutt M, Belzille E, Bowin JF, Hanley JA (2000) Nested case-control study of the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on breast cancer risk and stage. Br J Cancer 83(1):112–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Cotterchio M, Krieger N, Sloan M, Steinegart A (2001) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10(11):1213–1217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Khuder SA, Mutgi AB (2001) Breast cancer and NSAID use: a metaanalysis. Br J Cancer 84(9):1188–1192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Cook NR, Lee IM, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Buring JE (2005) Low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cancer: the Women’s Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 294(1):47–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Patrono C, Coller B, Dalen JE, FitzGerald GA, Fuster V, Gent M, Hirsh J, Roth G (2001) Platelet-active drugs: the relationships among dose, effectiveness, and side effects. Chest 119(Suppl 1):39S–63S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Harris RE, Alshafie GA, Abou-Issa H, Seibert K (2000) Chemoprevention of breast cancer in rats by celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Cancer Res 60(8):2101–2103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Suzui N, Sugie S, Rahman KM, Ohnishi M, Yoshimi N, Wakabayashi K, Mori H (1997) Inhibitory effects of diallyl disulfide or aspirin on 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazole [4,5-b] pyridine-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 88(8):705–711

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Alshafie GA, Abou-Issa HM, Seibert K, Harris RE (2000) Chemotherapeutic evaluation of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in a rat mammary tumour model. Oncol Rep 7(6):1377–1381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Chow LW, Wong JL, Toi M (2003) Celecoxib anti-aromatase neoadjuvant (CAAN) trial for locally advanced breast cancer: preliminary report. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 86(3–5):443–447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Parret ML, Harris RL, Joarder FS, Ross MS, Clausen KP, Robertson FM (1997) Cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human breast cancer. Int J Oncol 10:503–508

    Google Scholar 

  104. Kirtikara K, Morham SG, Raghow R, Laulederkind SJF, Kanekura T, Goorha S, Ballou LR (1998) Compensatory prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in cyclooxygenase-1 or cyclooxygenase-2 null cells. J Exp Med 187(4):517–523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Juni P, Rutjes AWS, Dieppe PA (2002) Are selective COX-2 inhibitors superior to traditional non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? BMJ 324:1287–1288

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Levesque LE, Brophy JM, Zhang B (2005) The risk of myocardial infarction with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: a population study of elderly adults. Ann Intern Med 142(7):481–489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Solomon SD, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA, Wittes J, Fowler R, Finn P, Anderson WF, Zauber A, Hawk E, Bertagnolli M (2005) Adenoma prevention with celecoxib (APC) study investigators. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N Engl J Med 352(11):1071–1080

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kefah Mokbel.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Singh-Ranger, G., Salhab, M. & Mokbel, K. The role of cyclooxygenase-2 in breast cancer: review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 109, 189–198 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-007-9641-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-007-9641-5

Keywords

Navigation