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Capsaicin-induced inactivation of sensory neurons promotes a more aggressive gene expression phenotype in breast cancer cells

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Abstract

Capsaicin-induced inactivation of sensory neurons has been reported to enhance metastasis of a murine breast cancer cell line, specifically enhancing mycocardial metastases. Here we characterized changes in gene expression patterns in primary tumors which developed in capsaicin-treated vs. control mice. We identified a small cohort of genes (17) which all showed significant decreases in expression levels. All of the identified genes have been linked to cell growth, differentiation, and/or cancer progression. Three representative genes, Caspase-7 (an executor of apoptosis), ADAM-10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease), and Elk-3 (a transcriptional repressor of the ternary factor subfamily of the Ets factors) were further investigated. All three showed dramatic downregulation at the protein level in primary tumors from capsaicin-treated animals compared with control (vehicle-treated) animals, and their expression was also lost in cell culture. Elk-3 and Caspase-7 were not expressed in vitro in cultured cell lines, suggesting that their expression was induced by the tumor microenvironment. Loss of Caspase-7 expression can be expected to result in loss of function of apoptotic pathways. At first glance, loss of ADAM-10 expression would be expected to result in decreased invasive capability, due to loss of matrix metalloprotease activity. However, just the opposite appears to be true. We found that ADAM-10 actually hydrolyzes Substance P. Specifically ADAM-10 produces the same growth-inhibitory products from Substance P (i.e., SP (1–7)) that Neprilysin does, so that loss of ADAM-10 expression actually results in loss of production of growth inhibitory peptides from Substance P. Similarly, ADAM-10 also efficiently hydrolyzes Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, which may act in concert with Substance P. Finally, overactivity of Ets transcriptional suppressor functions has been linked to inhibition of tumorigenesis (e.g., Erf and Mef), and in addition loss of Elk-3 expression might also be be linked to tumorigenesis via loss of its putative anti-inflammatory activities. There is anecdotal evidence in the literature to indicate that the rest of the down-regulated genes may also contribute to development of a more aggressive phenotype in this breast cancer model.

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Abbreviations

ADAM:

A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease

CGRP:

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

DPPIV:

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV

GEAE:

Gene Array Expression Analysis

MMP:

matrix metalloprotease

NOS2:

nitric oxide synthase 2

SP:

Substance P

4THMpc:

4T1 cells after metastasis to heart muscle in capsaicin-treated animals

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by funds from the Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, and by funds from the Pennsylvania Department of Health (which specifically disclaims responsibility for analyses, interpretations, or conclusions), and by Akdeniz University Research Units, Antalya, Turkey.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Pathology and the Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, Hershey Medical Center, H059, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA

    Nuray Erin & Gary Clawson

  2. Health Evaluation Sciences, Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA

    Wei Zhao & Gary Chase

  3. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA

    John Bylander & Gary Clawson

  4. Internal Medicine, Central Research Laboratory and Human Gene Therapy Unit, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey

    Nuray Erin

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  5. Gary Clawson
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Correspondence to Gary Clawson.

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Erin, N., Zhao, W., Bylander, J. et al. Capsaicin-induced inactivation of sensory neurons promotes a more aggressive gene expression phenotype in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 99, 351–364 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-006-9219-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-006-9219-7

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