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Static magnetic stimulation in the central nervous system: a systematic review

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Abstract

Objective

To systematically review the literature on the use of the transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS) technique in humans and animals, its effects on different areas of the central nervous system (CNS), its influence on neural excitability and on the subject’s behavior, and its biological effects and future possibilities. All static magnetic field applications that can be considered to have a physiologically similar effect have been reviewed.

Methods

We searched studies using key terms in NCBI PubMed, Scopus, PEDro, SciELO, Cochrane, and links to publications (inception to September 2019). Three reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality of the studies using the recommendations described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, PRISMA guidelines.

Results

We analyzed 27 studies. The reviewed literature suggests that the use of these magnetic fields has an inhibitory effect on different areas of the CNS, such as motor, somatosensory, and visual cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Regarding subject’s behavior, the different effects of tSMS appear to be transient and dependent on the stimulated area, such as loss of visual discrimination or improvement of somatosensory perception. In addition, the technique has some therapeutic utility, specifically in pathologies with cortical hyperexcitability.

Conclusions

These results suggest that tSMS may be a promising tool to modulate cerebral excitability in a safe and non-invasive way. Further investigations could give a better explanation of its precise mechanisms of action and applications.

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Acknowledgements

EV and MD want to express their gratitude to Drs. Juana Gallar and María del Carmen Acosta for kindly allowing us time to contribute to this review while working on other projects. Also, we wanted to acknowledge Dr. Santiago Canals for his willingness to share scientific knowledge and interesting discussions. Finally, we want to acknowledge Dr. Antonio Oliviero for letting NV visit his lab and learn from the latest trends and usage of tSMS from its very first source.

Availability of data and material

All the data reviewed in this study have been extracted from the articles included in the tables. The search strategy is indicated both in the “Methods” section of this document and in Fig. 2. Furthermore, this figure includes the reasons for exclusion of some articles. The list of excluded studies based on full text analysis is available on request by investigators.

Code availability

Due to the early stage of tSMS intervention and the available data on its effects, a systematic review registration number is not available.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Área de Fisioterapia. Departamento de Patología y Cirugía, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550, San Juan de Alicante, Spain

    Nuria Viudes-Sarrion & Carmen Lillo-Navarro

  2. Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (CSIC-Universidad Miguel Hernández), San Juan de Alicante, Spain

    Nuria Viudes-Sarrion, Enrique Velasco, Miguel Delicado-Miralles & Carmen Lillo-Navarro

  3. CEIT Fisioterapia. UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain

    Carmen Lillo-Navarro

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Contributions

Nuria Viudes-Sarrion participated in design of study, data acquisition, data analysis and interpretation, and drafting of the manuscript; Enrique Velasco participated in design of study, data acquisition, data analysis and interpretation, and drafting of the manuscript; Miguel Delicado-Miralles participated in data acquisition, data analysis, and drafting of the manuscript; Carmen Lillo-Navarro participated in design and conceptualization of study, data interpretation, and drafting and revising of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Carmen Lillo-Navarro.

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Glossary

TMS

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

tDCS

Transcranial direct current stimulation

EEG

Electroencephalography

MEP

Motor-evoked potential

SICI

Short-interval intracortical inhibition

SICF

Short-interval intracortical facilitation

LTD

Long-term depression

LTP

Long-term potentiation

RMTs

Resting motor thresholds

DLPFC

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

PNS

Peripheral nerve stimulation

PV

Parvalbumin

SEP

Somatosensory-evoked potential

FDI

First digital interosseous muscle

RT

Reaction time

RR

Rotarod test

Cylindrical NdFeB magnet

Cylindrical nickel-plated (Ni–Cu–Ni) NdFeB magnet

APB

Abductor pollicis brevis muscle

ADM

Abductor digiti minimi muscle

Online learning

Learning during the motor task

Offline learning

Learning after the completion of the motor task between sessions

Implicit motor learning

Improvement in sequence performance without knowing the sequence

Explicit motor learning

Improvement in sequence performance knowing the sequence

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Viudes-Sarrion, N., Velasco, E., Delicado-Miralles, M. et al. Static magnetic stimulation in the central nervous system: a systematic review. Neurol Sci 42, 1733–1749 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05156-8

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