Abstract
Objectives
The aim was to conduct a meta-analysis of the randomized evidence to determine the relative merits of laparoscopic assisted (LADG) and open (ODG) distal gastrectomy for proven gastric cancer.
Data sources and review methods
A search of the Medline, Embase, Science Citation Index, Current Contents, and PubMed databases identified all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that compared LADG and OGD and were published in the English language between January 1990 and the end of June 2007. The meta-analysis was prepared in accordance with the Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses (QUOROM) statement. The eight outcome variables analysed were operating time, blood loss, retrieval of lymph nodes, oral intake, hospital stay, postoperative complications, tumor recurrence, and mortality. Random effects meta-analyses were performed using odds ratios (OR) and weighted mean differences (WMD).
Results
Four trials were considered suitable for meta-analysis. A total of 82 patients underwent LADG and 80 had ODG. For only one of the eight outcomes, the summary point estimates favoured LADG over ODG; there was a significant reduction of 104.26 ml in intraoperative blood loss for LADG (WMD, −104.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) −189.01 to −19.51; p = 0.0159). There was however a 83.08 min longer duration of operating time for the LADG group compared with the ODG group (WMD 83.08, 95% CI 40.53 to 125.64; p = 0.0001) and significant reduction in lymph nodes harvesting of 4.34 lymph nodes in the LADG group (WMD −4.3, 95% CI −6.66 to −2.02; p = 0.0002). Other outcome variables such as time to commencement of oral intake (WMD −0.97, 95% CI −2.47 to 0.54; p = 0.2068), duration of hospital stay (WMD −3.32, 95% CI −7.69 to 1.05; p = 0.1365), rate of complications (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.60; p = 0.3530), mortality rates (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.21 to 4.19; p = 0.9363), and tumor recurrence (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.42 to 2.79; p = 0.8806) were not found to be statistically significant for either group. However, for commencement of oral intake, duration of hospital stay, and complication rate, the trend was in favor of LADG.
Conclusion
LADG was associated with a significantly reduced rate of intraoperative blood loss, at the expense of significantly longer operating time and significantly reduced lymph node retrieval compared to its open counterpart. Mortality and tumor recurrence rates were similar between the two groups. Furthermore, time to commencement of oral intake, postprocedural discharge from hospital, and perioperative complication rate, although not significantly different between the two groups, did suggest a positive trend toward LADG. Based on this meta-analysis, the authors cannot recommend the routine use of LADG over ODG for the treatment of distal gastric cancer. However, significant limitations exist in the interpretation of this data due to the limited number of published randomised control trials, the small sample sizes to date, and the limited duration of follow up. Further large multicentre randomized controlled trials are required to delineate significantly quantifiable differences between the two groups.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kitano S, Iso Y, Moriyama M (1994) Laparoscopy-assisted Billroth I gastrectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc 4:146–8
Shehzad K, Mohiuddin K, Nizami S, Sharma H, Khan IM, Memon B, Memon MA (2007) Current status of minimal access surgery for gastric cancer. Surg Oncol 16:85–98
Kajitani T (1981) The general rules for the gastric cancer study in surgery and pathology. Japanese research for gastric cancer. Jpn J Surg 11:127–139
Japanese Gastric Cancer Association (2001) The guidelines for the treatment of gastric cancer. Kachara Co, Tokyo
Maruyama K, Gunven P, Okabayashi K (1987) Lymph node metastases of gastric cancer: general pattern in 1931 patients. Ann Surg 210:596–602
Maruyama K, Okabayashi K, Kinoshita T (1987) Progress in gastric cancer surgery in Japan in Japan and its limits of radicality. Word J Surg 11:418–425
Noguchi Y, Imada T, Matsumoto A (1986) Radical surgery for gastric cancer: a review of the Japanese experience. Cancer 64:2053–2062
Cuschieri A, Weeden S, Fieldig J (1999) Patient survival after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: long term results of MRC randomized surgical trials. Br J Cancer 79:1522–1530
Kitano S, Shiraishi N, Fujii K, Yasuda K, Inomata M, Adachi Y (2002) A randomized controlled trial comparing open vs laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for the treatment of early gastric cancer: an interim report. Surgery 131:S306–S311
Huscher CGS, Mingoli A, Sgarzini G, Sansonetti A, Di Paola M, Rcher A, Ponzano C (2005) Laparoscopic versus open subtotal gastrectomy for distal gastric cancer: five year results of a randomized prospective trial. Ann Surg 241:232–237
Lee JH, Han HS, Lee JH (2005) A prospective randomized study comparing open vs laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy in early gastric cancer: early results. Surg Endosc 19:168–173
Hayashi H, Ochiai T, Shimada H, Gunji Y (2005) Prospective randomized study of open versus laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with extraperigastric lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer. Surg Endosc 19:1172–1176
Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, Stroup DF (1999) Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of reporting of meta-analyses. Lancet 354:1896–1900
Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ (1996) Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials 17:1–12
Agresti A (2002) Categorical data analysis, 2nd edn. Wiley, Canada, pp 1–734
Sutton AJ, Abrams KR, Jones DR, Sheldon TA, Song F (2000) Methods for meta-analysis in medical research. Wiley, England, pp 1–346
Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C (1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Br Med J 315:629–634
Tang JL, Liu JLY (2000) Misleading funnel plot for detection of bias in meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 53:477–484
Span J, Carière E, Croockewitt S, Smits P (2006) Publication bias, effects on the assessment of Rosiglitasone. Proc Dutch Soc Clin Pharmacol Biopharm Meet, April 2006. Br J Clin Pharmacol 62:732
Hornik K. The R FAQ. Version 2.6.2007-10-22. ISBN 3-900051-08-9. http://www.cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html. Accessed 16 February 2008
Solomon MJ, Laxamana A, Devore L, McLeod RS (1994) Randomized controlled trials in surgery. Surgery 115:707–712
McLeod RS, Wright JG, Solomon MJ, Hu X, Walters BC. Lossing A (1996) Randomized controlled trials in surgery: issues and problems. Surgery 119:483–486
Horton R (1996) Surgical research or comic opera: questions, but few answers. Lancet 347:984–985
Sutton AJ, Abrams KR, Jones DR, Sheldon TA, Song F (2000) Methods for meta-analysis in medical research. Wiley, Chichester
Dellinger EP, Anaya DA (2004) Infectious and immunologic consequences of blood transfusion. Crit Care 8 Suppl 2:S18–S23
Vamvakas EC (1995) Perioperative blood transfusion and cancer recurrence: meta-analysis for explanation. Transfusion 35:760–768
Forbes JM, Anderson MD, Anderson GF, Bleecker GC, Rossi EC, Moss GS (1991) Blood transfusion costs: a multicenter study. Transfusion 31:318–323
Danielson H, Kokkola A, Kiviluoto T, Siren J, Louhimo J, Kivilaakso E, Puolakkainen P (2007) Clinical outcome afer D1 vs D2-3 gastrectomy for treatment of gastric cancer. Scand J Surg 96:35–40
Sano T, Sasako M, Yamamoto S, Nashimoto A, Kurita A, Hiratsuka M, Tsujinaka T, Kinoshita T, Arai K, Yamamura Y, Okajima K (2004) Gastric cancer surgery: morbidity and mortality resuls from a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing D2 and extended paraaortic lymphadenectomy – Japan Clinical Oncology Group study 9501. J Clin Oncol 22:2767–2773
Bonenkamp JJ, Hermans J, Sasako M, van de Velde CJ, Welvaart K, Songun I, Meyer S, Plukker JT, Van Elk P, Obertp H, Gouma DJ, van Lanschot JJ, Taat CW, de Graaf PW, von Meyenfeldt MF, Tilanus H, Dutch Gastric Cancer Group (1999) Extended lymph-node dissection for gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 340:908–914
McCulloch P, Nita ME, Kazi H, Gama-Rodrigues J (2004) Extended versus limited lymph nodes dissection technique for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18:CD001964
Miura S, Kodera Y, Fujiwara M, Ito S, Mochizuki Y, Yamamura Y, Hibi K, Ito K, Akiyama S, Nakao A (2004) Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with systemic lymph node dissection: a critical reappraisal from the viewpoint of lymph node retrieval. J Am Coll Surg 198:933–938
Schauer PR, Luna J, Ghiatas AA, Glen ME, Warren JM, Sirinek KR (1993) Pulmonary function after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgery 114:389–399
McMahon AJ, Baxter JN, Kenney G, O’Dwyer PJ (1993) Ventilatory and blood gas change during laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 80:1252–1254
Frazee RC, Roberts JW, Okeson GC, Symmonds RE, Snyder SK, Hendricks JC, Smith RW (1991) Open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a comparison of postoperative pulmonary function. Ann Surg 213:651–654
Schwenk W, Bohm B, Muller JM (1998) Postoperative pain and fatigue after laparoscopic or conventional colorectal resections: a prospective randomized trial. Surg Endosc 12:1131–1136
Acknowledgements
Authors’ contributions: MAM was responsible for the concept and design of this meta-analysis. Furthermore he takes responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, from inception to published article. MAM, RB and BM were responsible for acquisition and interpretation of the data. SK and RMY were involved in analyzing and interpretation of the data in depth from the statistical point of view.
All authors were involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content and have given final approval of the version to be published. Furthermore all authors have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for its content.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Memon, M.A., Khan, S., Yunus, R.M. et al. Meta-analysis of laparoscopic and open distal gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma. Surg Endosc 22, 1781–1789 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-008-9925-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-008-9925-9