<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><xml><records><record><source-app name="HighWire" version="7.x">Drupal-HighWire</source-app><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LI, JINHUA</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BOUTON-VERVILLE, HILARY</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLMES, LILLIA M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BURGIN, KELLY E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JAKUBCHAK, SUSAN</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">YU, XIANZHONG</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WAGNER, THOMAS E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WEI, YANZHANG</style></author></authors><secondary-authors></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inhibition or Promotion of Tumor Growth by Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Derived from Engineered Tumor Cells is Dose-dependent</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anticancer Research</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004-09-01 00:00:00</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2717-2722</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5A</style></issue><abstract><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Background: Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been widely investigated as an adjuvant factor for tumor immunotherapy. However, the results are controversial with antitumor effects in some studies and a tumor growth promotion effect in others. Materials and Methods: In order to determine whether there is a dose-dependent effect of GM-CSF on tumor growth, murine GMCSF-expressing vector was constructed and transfected into TC-1 tumor cells and various clones stably expressing different levels of GM-CSF were obtained. The growth of these clones in vivo was studied. Results: Although these clones grow at a similar rate in vitro, their growth in vivo is dramatically different. Clones expressing high levels (&gt;10,000 pg/ml) of GM-CSF grow significantly faster than the control (p&lt;0.001); clones expressing low levels (&lt;100 pg/ml) of GM-CSF grow significantly slower than the control (p&lt;0.001); while clones expressing intermediate levels (1000-2000 pg/ml) of GM-SCF grow at a similar rate as the control (p&gt;0.05). The high levels of GM-CSF secreted by tumor cells induced granulocytosis and lymphopenia. The antitumor growth effect induced by low levels of GM-CSF is not due to the function of lymphocytes. Conclusion: The inhibition or promotion of tumor growth by GM-CSF secreted from tumor cells is dose-dependent. Copyright© 2004 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved</style></abstract></record></records></xml>