RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 In Vitro Induction of Apoptosis and Necrosis by New Derivatives of Daunorubicin JF Anticancer Research JO Anticancer Res FD International Institute of Anticancer Research SP 4439 OP 4443 VO 33 IS 10 A1 MARTA STOJAK A1 LIDIA MAZUR A1 MAŁGORZATA OPYDO-CHANEK A1 MAŁGORZATA ŁUKAWSKA A1 IRENA OSZCZAPOWICZ YR 2013 UL http://ar.iiarjournals.org/content/33/10/4439.abstract AB Background/Aim: The comparative effects of daunorubicin, and its new formamidine derivatives containing either a morpholine moiety (DAUFmor) or a hexamethyleneimine moiety (DAUFhex) in the amidine group, on induction of programmed cell death were determined. Materials and Methods: The experiments were performed on human acute lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cells and human acute myeloblastic leukemia ML-1 cells. The research was conducted using the flow cytometry annexin V–fluorescein (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) method and tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) assay. Results: The various patterns of temporary changes of early apoptotic cells, late apoptotic and necrotic cells, and in the frequency of the acute leukemia cells with high values of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were found. Phosphatidylserine externalization, plasma membrane disruption, and changes in MMP occurring in the leukemia cells were dependent on the agent tested, its concentration, the time intervals after daunorubicin, DAUFmor, and DAUFhex application, and on the leukemia cell line used. Conclusion: The structural modifications of daunorubicin producing two new analogs, DAUFmor and DAUFhex, induced the different responses of MOLT-4 and ML-1 cells to triggering of programmed death.