Figure 1. Quetiapine, iloperidone, trifluoperazine, and loxapine result in higher sensitization of VIC-treated resistant cancer cells than other bipolar drugs. (A-B) KBV20C cells were plated on 96-well plates and grown to 30-40% confluence. The cells were then stimulated for 48 h with 10 μM of verapamil (VER), quetiapine (QUE), risperidone (RIS), clozapine (CLO), asenapine (ASE), iloperidone (ILO), paliperidone (PAL), ziprasidone (ZIP), trifluoperazine (TRI), loxapine (LOX), pilocarpine (PIL), valproic acid (VAL), carbamazepine (CAR), levetiracetam (LEV), topiramate (TOP), felbamate (FEL) and in combination with 5 nM VIC or alone, or 0.1% DMSO (CON). Cell viability assay was performed as described in Materials and Methods. The data are presented as the mean±SD of at least two experiments repeated in triplicate. (C) KBV20C cells were plated on 96-well plates and grown to 30-40% confluence. The cells were then stimulated for 48 h with 10 μM of verapamil (VER), fluphenazine (FLU), thioridazine (THI), quetiapine (QUE), risperidone (RIS), iloperidone (ILO), ziprasidone (ZIP), or 0.1% DMSO (CON). Cell viability assay was performed as described in Materials and Methods. The data are presented as the mean±SD of at least two experiments repeated in triplicate experiments. (D) KBV20C cells were grown on 60 mm-diameter dishes and treated with 10 μM of verapamil (VER), quetiapine (QUE), iloperidone (ILO), trifluoperazine (TRI), loxapine (LOX), or 0.1% DMSO (CON). After 1 day, all cells were observed using an inverted microscope at ×4 magnification. (E) KBV20C cells were plated on 96-well plates and grown to 30-40% confluence. The cells were then stimulated for 48 h with 10 μM of verapamil (VER), 5 μM of quetiapine (QUE), 5 μM of iloperidone (ILO), 5 μM of trifluoperazine (TRI), 5 μM of loxapine (LOX) and in combination with 5 nM VIC or alone, or 0.1% DMSO (CON). Cell viability assay was performed as described in Materials and Methods. The data are presented as the mean±SD of at least two experiments repeated in triplicate. (F) KBV20C cells were grown on 60 mm-diameter dishes and treated with 5 nM VIC with 10 μM verapamil (VER), 5 nM VIC with 5 μM quetiapine (QUE), 5 nM VIC with risperidone (RIS), 5 nM VIC with 5 μM iloperidone (ILO), 5 nM VIC with ziprasidone (ZIP), 5 nM VIC with 5 μM trifluoperazine (TRI), 5 nM VIC with 5 μM loxapine (LOX), 5 nM VIC with felbamate (FEL), or 0.1% DMSO (CON). After 1 day, all cells were observed using an inverted microscope at ×4 magnification.