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Research ArticleClinical Studies

Predictors for Outcome and Complications Related to Urinary Diversion

NICOLAS FISCHER, JOERG ELLINGER, BARBARA KOEDITZ, AXEL HEIDENREICH and MANUELA ANDREA HOFFMANN
Anticancer Research November 2021, 41 (11) 5585-5591; DOI: https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.15372
NICOLAS FISCHER
1Clinic and Polyclinic for Urology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;
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  • For correspondence: nicolas.fischer@uk-koeln.de
JOERG ELLINGER
2Department of Urology, Universitätskliniken Bonn, Bonn, Germany;
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BARBARA KOEDITZ
1Clinic and Polyclinic for Urology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;
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AXEL HEIDENREICH
1Clinic and Polyclinic for Urology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;
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MANUELA ANDREA HOFFMANN
3Department of Occupational Health & Safety, Federal Ministry of Defense, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract

Background/Aim: Predictors for complications such as insufficiency of intestinal anastomosis in urinary diversion and other risk factors are not well defined. We aimed to elucidate predictive factors for complications in urinary diversions based on preoperative comorbidities and major complications. A special focus was set on anastomosis insufficiency as a major complication. Patients and Methods: Preoperative comorbidities, postoperative complications, duration of hospital stay, and follow-up were analyzed in 317 patients with urinary diversion. The impact of preoperative comorbidities on diversion types was described and quantified as defined by the age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index. Results: Overall, 14.8% of patients showed anastomosis-related complications, most within the ileal conduit group (15.9% in the cohort). Severe complications (Clavien-Dindo Classification Score >IIIa) were found in smokers (p=0.046), and in patients with vascular diseases (p=0.007), a high American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA)-score (p=0.047), a R1- (p=0.009), as well as a pN1 (p=0.007) status. Conclusion: Several independent predictors for several postoperative complications in urinary diversions were identified, which were independent of the diversion method.

Key Words:
  • Comorbidities
  • complications
  • cystectomy
  • transitional cell carcinoma
  • urinary diversion

Previous studies have suggested that the type of urinary diversion has an influence on the postoperative outcome (1). Especially, incontinent diversions are supposed to have a lower incidence of complications due to a shorter operation time and are therefore preferably performed in patients with relevant comorbidities. However, there is strong evidence against this hypothesis. This study focused on anastomosis-associated complications, which have not been previously analyzed in detail to date.

Patients and Methods

Patients/Study group. Data from patients with cystectomy was extracted from institutional databases (in the urological University Clinic of Bonn from 2002 to 2011 and in the Urological Clinic of Krefeld from 2007 to 2018). A total of 317 patients were matched (Bonn: 181 and Krefeld: 136 patients). The distribution of the data of the two institutions was compared before performing statistical analysis in order to disclose any population-based bias. In addition to the age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index (ACCI), we performed a more detailed analysis, differentiating vascular, cardiological, pulmonal, diabetic, urologic and other preoperative comorbidities, thus allowing a more differentiated approach to the patient’s preoperative status and the cause of complications. These factors were matched with the method of urinary diversion, hypothesizing that preoperative morbidity has an impact on postoperative anastomosis insufficiency-associated complications. The second hypothesis is, accordingly, that the choice of urinary diversion has an influence on complications. None of the patients received adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment. All procedures were performed as open surgeries. Laparoscopic or robotic operations were excluded. The patients’ clinical characteristics are presented in Table I.

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Table I.

Patients’ clinical characteristics according to the type of urinary diversion.

Assessment of data. Preoperative basic patient data were assessed and grouped in their corresponding categories: age, gender, diabetes status, comorbidities, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), renal function, American Society of Anaesthesiologists score (ASA), postoperative complications, duration of hospital stay, histopathological stage of bladder carcinoma, postoperative follow-up and, if applicable, of prostate carcinoma according to the 2009 TNM classification. Experienced pathologists at the involved centers performed histopathological examination. Preoperative comorbid status was subclassified in pulmonary, cardiologic and vascular diseases. These were then grouped according to the age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Score (ACCI) and additionally subdivided in three groups (≤2, 3-5 and >5 points) (2). Postoperative complications were staged according to the Clavien-Dindo Classification Score (CDS) (3). Complications associated with intestinal anastomosis insufficiency (AI) were registered only in those patients whose anastomosis insufficiency was laparotomically and/or radiologically confirmed. Treatment characteristics included urinary diversion type, operation time, surgeon’s experience, blood loss, blood transfusions and length of the isolated intestinal segment. Surgeon’s experience was discriminated in low volume surgeons (<100 cystectomies) and high-volume surgeons (>100 cystectomies). Postoperative factors included duration of hospital stay, CDS for complications within the 30-day postoperative interval, follow-up time, tumor recurrence, morbidity, and mortality. We retrospectively calculated the 30-day postoperative mortality for our cohort.

Statistical analysis. Descriptive metrical analysis was applied to the data of 317 patients who were submitted to a cystectomy: number (n), mean, standard deviation (SD), extremes, quartiles and median. To test the grouped data for normal distribution a Shapiro-Wilk test was applied. If normal distribution was not rejected (p-value 0.1), a t-test was implemented (or the F test for more than two groups). In the case of non-normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney-U-test (or the Kruskal-Wallis test for more than two groups) was used. To compare the frequency distribution of two independent groups the Fisher’s exact test was applied.

Results

Patient characteristics Clinical characteristics. Between 2002 and 2018 317 patients in both institutions underwent cystectomy and urinary diversion, 36 patients were excluded from further evaluation due to insufficient data. Of the 281 patients, 51 were omitted because rare operation methods such as colon conduit, sigma conduit or bladder augmentation were performed. The data of the remaining 230 patients was used for further evaluation. Prior to evaluation, the clinical characteristics of both departments were compared: Distribution of gender (p=0.579), comorbidities (p=0.347), smoking status (p=0.202), BMI (p=0.302), blood loss (p=0.159), pT-stadium (p=0.689), ASA-score (p=0.263), AI (p=0.197), mortality (p=0.650) and operation method (p=0.071) did not show any significant difference. Nodal status (p=0.001), CDS (p=0.001) and age (p=0.024) of the patients showed significant differences. Mean age at the time of cystectomy was 69 years. The majority of the included patients was male (m:f; 79%:21%). The average BMI was 25.62 kg/m2. 20% had diabetes, 6% did not know their diabetic status. 40% of patients were active smokers at the time of admission. Mean preoperative and postoperative creatinine were 1.05 mg/ml and 0.99 mg/ml, respectively. Patients’ clinical characteristics are shown in Table I.

Surgical characteristics. Seventy-eight (33.9%) patients underwent neobladder (NB) diversion and 152 (66.1%) ileal conduit (IC). Mean operation time was 285 minutes (range=55-662 min). Overall transfusion rate was 57%; median hospital stay was 18 days. Incidental prostate carcinoma was found in 32.8% of men, pT2c being the most common diagnosed cancer stage (39%). Patients’ surgical characteristics are shown in Table II.

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Table II.

Surgical characteristics according to the diversion method.

AI dependent events. Overall anastomosis related complications (AI) were 14.8%, most of them within the IC group (15.9%). AI-related data is shown in Table III. There was no statistically significant difference regarding the operation method and the event of an AI (p=0.695). If these occurred, the patients suffered severe complications (CDS >IIIa; p<0.001) and had a longer hospital stay (p<0.001). ASA-score showed a significant correlation between a high score and the event of an AI (p=0.047).

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Table III.

Characteristics of patients with and without anastomosis insufficiency. The p-value indicates the difference between the clusters of the defined group (Fisher’s exact test).

Clavien grade-dependent events. In average 41.6% of the patients suffered complications with a CDS ≥IIIa. In the subgroup analysis, vascular comorbidities showed a predictive value for suffering more severe complications (CDS >IIIa, p=0.007). ASA-score (p=0.968), ACCI (p=0.292) and diabetic status (p=0.871) had no impact on the overall postoperative complication events. The experience of the surgeon did not affect the outcome of the operation: CDS (p=0.687) and AI (p=0.774). Positive nodal status (pN1) (p=0.007) and positive resection margins (R1) (p=0.009) showed significant impact on the postoperative outcome. Age showed a proportional increase in the event of severe complications, thus it is not a dependent factor for postoperative complications (CDS >IIIa; p=0.064. Especially older patients (>75 years) had a high rate of grade >IIIa complications (54.4%). Smokers had a significantly higher rate of complications (p=0.047) than non-smokers. Transfusion-related data are shown in Table IV.

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Table IV.

Blood transfusion rates correlated with Clavien-Dindo grade.

Postoperative mortality. The 30-day postoperative mortality for our cohort is described in Table V and Table VI. Operation technique did not affect survival (p=1). Mortality rate showed a weak association with ACCI (p=0.054) and CDS (p=0.002). AI (p=0.159) was not associated with a higher postoperative mortality.

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Table V.

Analysis and characteristics of patients included in the 30-day postoperative mortality group.

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Table VI.

Characteristics of patients included in the evaluation of the 30-day mortality. Negative means that they have lived beyond the 30-day interval after operation. Positive means that they have died within the 30-day interval.

Discussion

Choosing the right diversion method for each individual patient is mainly dependent on clinical factors. Thus, the decision process lacks objective parameters and is biased by empirical factors. One important factor is highlighted in the study of Hart et al. (4). The authors emphasize the good outcome in the overall quality of life for patients in all analyzed types of urinary diversions. Postoperative quality of life is consequently not critical for the choice of the diversion method. This factor was therefore not implemented in our analysis. Their study, however, as that of others, lacks specific differentiation in subgroups according to their pre- and postoperative data. The proportional distribution of diversion methods in our cohort did not vary from those of other high-volume centers, allowing the assumption of a similar decision process throughout urological clinics.

One goal of our study was to identify an independent specific preoperative parameter for choosing the right diversion method. We focused on a major complication, the AI, presuming it to be critical, as it is generally associated with high mortality and a high morbidity. This presumption could be proven in our data: AI leads to a high rate of morbidity (p=0.002). Interestingly, AI was not associated with a high rate of mortality (p=0.159). Accordingly, these results show a good management of postoperative complications in the two departments and that AI is not as a critical complication as expected.

Our baseline population characteristics, such as mean age, gender distribution or smoking status did not differ much from the average population of high-volume studies (5, 6). However, the number of diabetics was higher in our cohort (20%) than in the average matched population (12%) (7). Diabetes mellitus impairs among other processes the physiological pathways of wound healing (8). This could bias the general outcome and survival of our patients. Especially the physiology and odds of healing in bowel anastomoses could be affected as well (9). A further aspect is that obesity causes a significant increase in costs due to longer hospital stay and complications (10). However, our analysis shows no impact of diabetes on the event of AI or CDS (p=0.265 and p=0.871). AI was associated with severe complications (CDS >IIIa; p<0.001), a high ASA-score (p=0.047) and a longer hospital stay (p<0.001). Thus, it did not correlate with any specific diversion method. Neither AI (p=0.226) nor CDS (p=0.780) showed statistical significance regarding this aspect, so that the event of complications is not affected by the extent of the surgical procedure. Apparently, the operation method is not critical for the patient’s outcome. Furthermore, smocking and diabetes are risk factors for longer operation times, and with longer operation times the risk for another surgery also increases (11).

Our subgroup analysis revealed preoperative vascular comorbidities as an independent variable for the event of a severe postoperative complication (p=0.007). However, the analysis correlating the mortality of diversion method with vascular comorbidities did not reach any statistical significance (p=0.320). Patients with severe vascular comorbidities should be informed and monitored postoperatively regarding potential postoperative complications, independently of the diversion method. Furthermore, it is also known that a significant increase in complications is found in the leal conduit group (12). In the study of Monn et al., where a comparable cohort of patients was investigated, 50% of the patients required blood transfusion (13). The increase in blood transfusions was also investigated in the analyzed cohort, with a 57% overall transfusion rate. The analysis of the correlation between transfusion rate and a high CDS did not show any statistical significance (p=0.806). The mortality in the cohort was too small for a correlation analysis with transfusion rates. However, transfusion rates did not have a predictive value for postoperative outcome in cystectomies.

Nieuwenhuijzen et al. correlated urinary diversions with ASA-score, and minor and major complications (14). Patients who died within the first 30 postoperative days were omitted from Nieuwenhuijzens’ study. Unfortunately, the authors did not specify why this important aspect was left out. Intestinal AIs were assessed in the study of Nieuwenhuijzen et al., but not specifically evaluated. Only a high ASA-score (3 or more) was associated with early or late complications. In our study, we found a significant correlation between AI and ASA-score (p=0.047), but not for CDS >IIIa (p=0.968) despite the fact that our study was performed in a comparable extent and setting as in Nieuwenhuijzens’. A possible explanation may be a bias in patient selection, exclusion criteria and the different distribution of diversion methods.

As expected, anastomosis-related complications (AI) were higher (14.8%) and most of AIs occurred within the IC group (15.9%). However, there was no significant impact related to the operation method and the event of an AI (p=0.695). This shows that the operation technique and operation time do not affect postoperative outcome.

A high CDS (>IIIa) was detected in 41.6% of all patients. This represents a higher incidence than in comparable cohorts as shown by De Nunzios’ et al. (15). The difference can be explained by our high rate of preoperative comorbidities, diabetics and subsequently with our 30-day-mortality rate of 4.9% vs. 1.7%. In the subgroup analysis, vascular comorbidities showed a good predictive value for suffering more severe complications (CDS >IIIa, p=0.007). At that time, we expected vascular comorbidity to be associated with a high mortality and AI. This could not be verified in our statistical analysis. Furthermore, ACCI, diversion method, surgeon’s experience, and diabetic status had no direct statistical impact on postoperative complications. Interestingly, positive nodal status (pN1; p=0.007) and positive resection margins (R1; p=0.009) were associated with a poor postoperative outcome. The morbidity of the operation is obviously affected by the oncological status of the patient. We were not able to find a similar correlation specifically for urothelial carcinoma, but for other tumor entities such as ovarian cancers (16). Kahl et al. underline the association of ACCI and oncological status with postoperative mortality. This confirms our findings and those of Chang et al. (17). However, we did not assess and evaluate the preoperative oncological status of these patients, so that the predictive value of the preoperative clinical oncological assessment of the patients remains unclear. This has to be evaluated in further analysis. AI and a high CDS were consistently associated with a prolonged hospitalization (p=0.002). Chang et al. explored the causes of prolonged hospitalization in 304 patients with radical cystectomy (18). Their results showed no correlation with the diversion type, major complications or preoperative comorbidities. Postoperative ileus showed to be the most important cause of a prolonged hospital stay in their study. These findings are consistent with ours. However, AI was not explicitly analyzed. Our 30-day postoperative mortality rate was 4.9%. The highest mortality was within the IC group (6.5%). A statistically significant impact could not be shown, thus this form of diversion is congruently associated with the highest mortality rate in other studies such as in Monn et al. (2%) (13). Accordingly, our mortality rate showed a weak association with ACCI (p=0.054) and a strong association with CDS (p=0.002). This shows that AI does not have a higher impact on the clinical outcome of patients, than other severe complications, underlining the clinical value of the CDS.

When comparing the two departments, pN-stage, CDS and age of the patients showed a significant difference. One explanation for this bias is that a university center (Bonn) will treat more frail patients and advanced disease stages. In order to evaluate the impact of this variance, a separate analysis of the two departments was performed. Accordingly, the results did show divergence, however, not in the critical parameters. We therefore renounced on performing a matched-pair analysis. The limitations of our study are mainly due to its retrospective nature. A selection bias of this specific patient group, which has commonly undergone some operations prior to urinary diversion, does have an effect on the preoperative comorbid status. The differences between both departments are few; however, they could induce a selection bias.

In conclusion, urinary diversion persists having a high rate of severe complications. We were able to elucidate specific and independent predictors for postoperative complications: vascular diseases, smoking, a high ASA-score, and advanced oncological status. These were independent of the diversion method. Surgeon’s experience, blood loss or the extent of the operation were not found to be relevant to the outcome or survival of the patients. However, the clinical value of CDS could be confirmed. The clinical relevance of vascular comorbidities needs to be confirmed in further clinical studies. Especially oncological status has not been described to date to have an effect on patients’ outcome in the context of urinary diversion.

Acknowledgements

Statistical calculation and analysis was performed by Dr. Silke Lange. Financial support for the study was provided by a grant from the Helios Forschungsförderungsfond.

Footnotes

  • Authors’ Contributions

    NF wrote the manuscript with the support of JE, AH, BK and MH. All Authors performed the analysis, designed the tables, and discussed the results. FN and MH designed the study and directed the project.

  • Conflicts of Interest

    The Authors have no conflicts of interest to declare in relation to this study.

  • Received July 7, 2021.
  • Revision received September 27, 2021.
  • Accepted September 29, 2021.
  • Copyright © 2021 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.

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Anticancer Research: 41 (11)
Anticancer Research
Vol. 41, Issue 11
November 2021
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Predictors for Outcome and Complications Related to Urinary Diversion
NICOLAS FISCHER, JOERG ELLINGER, BARBARA KOEDITZ, AXEL HEIDENREICH, MANUELA ANDREA HOFFMANN
Anticancer Research Nov 2021, 41 (11) 5585-5591; DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.15372

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Predictors for Outcome and Complications Related to Urinary Diversion
NICOLAS FISCHER, JOERG ELLINGER, BARBARA KOEDITZ, AXEL HEIDENREICH, MANUELA ANDREA HOFFMANN
Anticancer Research Nov 2021, 41 (11) 5585-5591; DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.15372
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Keywords

  • Comorbidities
  • complications
  • cystectomy
  • transitional cell carcinoma
  • urinary diversion
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