Abstract
Background/Aim: Accumulating evidence shows that caspase-8 (Cas-8) rs3834129 genotypes determine susceptibility to various cancers, but their association with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has not been examined. We aimed at investigating the association of Cas-8 rs3834129 with NPC risk. Materials and Methods: Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes and their associations with NPC risk were investigated among 176 NPC patients and 352 non-cancer subjects by the PCR-RFLP method. Additionally, the interaction of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes with smoking was examined. Results: The II, ID and DD frequencies were 56.8, 36.9 and 6.3% among NPC patients and 54.8, 38.1 and 7.1% among control subjects (ptrend=0.8830). Allelic frequency distribution analysis also indicated that the D allele is not a risk factor for NPC (p=0.6183). There was no interaction between Cas-8 rs3834129 and smoking and NPC risk (p=0.8305). Conclusion: Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes play a minor role in the risk for NPC.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), or nasopharynx cancer, is a rapidly growing squamous cell carcinoma in nasopharynx which attacks both children and adults (1). Epidemiological studies have shown Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection to be a major risk factor for NPC and metastasis (2, 3). In addition, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption have been also shown to serve as behavioral determiners of NPC risk (4, 5). In NPC-prevalent areas, every individual is exposed to similar environment factors, however, only a subpopulation may develop NPC, suggesting that genetic differences such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may also contribute to NPC. The molecular mechanisms of NPC induced by these genetic factors are largely remaining unrevealed. The understanding of these genomic factors and how they contribute to NPC's etiology may help in providing novel biomarkers for early detection and prediction of NPC susceptibility and prognosis outcomes. For instance, mounting evidence indicates that the variant genotypes of genes involved in the production of inflammatory cytokines (6, 7), extracellular matrix metabolism (8), cell cycle regulation (9), and DNA repair capacity (10) could determine individual susceptibility to NPC.
Apoptosis is an essential mechanism, mediated by intrinsic and/or extrinsic pathways, triggered by cellular stress, DNA damage and immune surveillance, to alter cell morphology, and control the death rate in a stable population (11, 12). In the literature, mounting evidence indicates that the loss of homeostasis of the apoptotic pathway is associated with the development of cancer (13), while few FDA-approved anticancer agents are small molecules designed to inhibit anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members (12).
Caspase-8 (Cas-8), one of the most important components of the caspase family, plays a critical role in the extrinsic apoptosis signaling (14, 15). Among the polymorphic sites at Cas-8, rs3834129 (-652, 6N insertion/deletion), a six-nucleotide insertion (I)/deletion (D) variant, has been functionally identified to down-regulate the levels of Cas-8 mRNA (16). There are at least 353 SNPs in Cas-8 reported in the NCBI dbSNP database. Cas-8 SNPs, such as D302H (rs1045485), IVS12-19G/A (rs3769818), and the promoter rs3834129 that will be the focus of the current study, have been reported to be potential genomic markers for the prediction of risk for several types of cancer such as neuroblastoma (17), breast cancer (18-20), lung cancer (21), digestive tract cancer (22, 23), prostate cancer (24), and bladder cancer (25). However, the role of Cas-8 polymorphisms in NPC is not known.
Based on the above, in the current study, we aimed at examining and evaluating the association of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes with NPC risk, as well as revealing the joint effects of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes with smoking behaviors on NPC risk in a representative Taiwanese population.
Materials and Methods
Study subjects. During the period of 2003 to 2009, 176 NPC patients were recruited in the department of general surgery outpatient clinics at the China Medical University Hospital. Clinically, the histological status and type of each NPC patient were identified and classified according to 1991 WHO classification system. For each case of NPC, two age-, gender- and behavior-matched cancer-free healthy subjects were manually selected among subjects of the regular health examination pool and included into the final comparison and evaluation. Thus, 352 healthy controls and 176 NPC patients were subjected to Cas-8 genotyping and final statistical analysis. All the protocols in the study were approved by the institutional review board of the China Medical University Hospital (DMR101-IRB1-306).
DNA preparation and storage. Genomic DNA was isolated from the peripheral blood leukocytes using the QIAamp Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA), stored for long term at −80°C, diluted, and aliquoted for genotyping as a working stock at −20°C, as we have previously described (26, 27).
Cas-8 rs3834129 genotyping methodology. In brief, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycling conditions were set as: 1) start with one cycle at 94°C for 5 min; 2) 35 cycles at 94°C for 30 s, 59°C for 30 s and 72°C for 30 s, 3) a final extension step at 72°C for 10 min. The self-designed sequences for Cas-8 rs3834129 genotyping primers were 5’-ACTCTGCATGCCAGGAGCTA-3’ and 5’-CTGGGGA AGCCTCACTGTAT-3’. After PCR amplification by a PCR Thermocycler (Bio-RAD, Hercules, CA, USA), the PCR products were digested with Pvu II (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA, USA) and the products of the digestion were separated by 3% agarose gel electrophoresis. All the genotypic procedures were independently and blindly conducted by at least two well-experienced researchers. To confirm the PCR-RFLP results, 5% of the samples were randomly chosen and sent for direct sequencing. The results of direct sequencing and PCR-RFLP methodologies were 100% consistent to each other.
Statistical analysis. First, to make sure that the control subjects are representative of the Taiwan population, the deviations of the genotypic frequencies of Cas-8 rs3834129 of the control group from those expected under the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were assessed using the goodness-of-fit test. Second, the Pearson's chi-square test was used for examining the distributions of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes. Third, Student's t-test was used to examine the distribution of ages among the case and control groups. Last, the association between NPC risk and Cas-8 genotypes was estimated by calculating the odds ratios (ORs) and related 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the logistic regression analysis, adjusted or unadjusted for potential confounders for NPC risk. Any p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Comparisons of basic characteristics between the NPC and the control groups. The recorded information on age, gender, and personal behavioral habits of the investigated 176 NPC patients and the 352 non-cancer control subjects are summarized in Table I. As we matched the patients with controls by these indexes, no significant differences for age and gender between the case and control groups was observed (p>0.05). Also, no significant differences were observed between the case and control groups regarding personal behavioral habits, including cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and areca chewing consumption (all p>0.05) (Table I). The histological status for each NPC patient was identified and classified by experienced surgeons. There were 5 (2.8%) keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (WHO type I) and 171 (97.2) non-keratinizing carcinoma (WHO type II) cases. Those type II NPC patients were further divided into 28 (15.9%) non-keratinizing differentiated carcinoma (WHO type IIa) and 143 (81.3%) non-keratinizing undifferentiated carcinoma (WHO type IIb) cases (Table I).
Association of Cas-8 promoter rs3834129 genotypes and NPC risk among Taiwanese. The distributions of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes among healthy controls and patients with NPC are presented in Table II. The distribution of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes in the control group fitted well with the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (pHEW=0.7921). The genotypic percentages of Cas-8 rs3834129 were not differentially distributed among the NPC cases and the controls (p for trend=0.8830) (Table II). In detail, neither the heterozygous ID nor the homozygous DD genotype was associated with decreased NPC risk compared with the wild-type II genotype at Cas-8 rs3834129 (adjusted OR=0.93 and 0.86, 95%CI=0.68-1.31 and 0.56-1.83, p=0.7353 and 0.6686, respectively). In addition, the results of the dominant model of analysis showed that there was no significant association between ID+DD genotypes and NPC risk compared with II genotype at Cas-8 rs3834129 (adjusted OR=0.89, 95%CI=0.66-1.47, p=0.6647).
In order to validate the results in Table II, we performed the analysis of allelic frequency distributions for Cas-8 rs3834129 and the results are shown in Table III. Supporting the finding that Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes are not associated with NPC risk, the variant allele D was also non-significantly associated with decreased NPC risk (adjusted OR=0.91, 95%CI=0.73-1.35, p=0.6183) (Table III).
Demographic characteristics of the 352 healthy controls and 176 NPC patients.
Distributions of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypic frequencies among the NPC patients and healthy controls.
Interaction between Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes and behavioral factors on NPC risk. From the epidemiological viewpoint, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and betel quid consumption may contribute to NPC in Taiwan. Therefore, we were interested in evaluating the interaction of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes with these personal behaviors among Taiwanese. First, among non-smokers, people with ID and DD genotypes at Cas-8 rs3834129 were at 1.01- and 0.83-fold odds ratio for NPC risk compared to those with the II genotype (95%CI=0.62-1.66 and 0.30-2.29, p=0.9681 and 0.7245) (Table IV, left panel). After adjusting for confounding factors including age, gender, alcohol drinking and betel quid chewing status, the statistical results still stayed at non-significant levels for ID and DD genotypes (Table IV, left panel). Meanwhile, similar non-significant associations were found among smokers (Table IV, right panel). The similar findings found among the subgroups of non-alcohol drinkers, alcohol drinkers, non-betel quid chewers, and betel quid chewers, showed that sub-groups of people with ID and DD genotypes at Cas-8 rs3834129 were not significantly different regarding the risk of having NPC compared with those with the II genotype (data not shown).
Discussion
Apoptosis plays critical roles in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes during fetal development, adult maturation, and aging, while defects in the homeostatic regulation of apoptosis may contribute to human diseases, such as several types of cancer and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) (28, 29). However, the knowledge of how genomic variants of caspases are involved in NPC etiology is still lacking. The Cas-8 gene encodes cysteine-aspartic acid protease 8, which plays a central role in the execution of programmed cell death (30). As originally identified, Cas-8 initiates apoptotic processes after being activated by various apoptotic stimuli, such as Fas and FADD, the Fas-interacting protein (31, 32). The activated Cas-8 may work alone or cooperate with other initiators, such as caspase-10, to activate the downstream executor caspases, such as caspase-3, to complete the apoptotic process (33). Among the SNPs on Cas-8, rs3834129 is the most commonly examined (34). In 2007, Sun and his colleagues firstly examined the contribution of Cas-8 rs3834129 polymorphism to the risk of many types of cancer (35). They obtained valuable pilot results indicating that the D allele at Cas-8 rs3834129 is associated with a decreased risk for some types of cancer including lung, colorectal, esophageal, breast, cervical and gastric cancer (35). After that, the genotypes of Cas-8 rs3834129 were found to be associated with the risk for melanoma (36), breast cancer (20), kidney cancer (37), and worse prognosis of neuroblastoma (17). Furthermore, the D allele at Cas-8 rs3834129 has been found to destroy the affinity of stimulatory protein 1 binding element for its promoter region, which results in a significantly decreased Cas-8 transcription and eventually a reduced apoptosis of T lymphocytes (35). However, the contribution of the Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes to NPC risk had not been examined.
Allelic frequencies for Cas-8 rs3834129 polymorphisms among the NPC patients and healthy controls.
Odds ratios for association of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotype with NPC after stratification by personal smoking status.
In the current study, we firstly revealed that the ID or DD genotypes at Cas-8 rs3834129 were not significantly associated with NPC risk in a representative Taiwanese population containing 176 NPC patients and 352 control subjects (Tables II and III). In addition, after adjusting for the confounding factors, there was still no association between the Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes with NPC risk. Furthermore, we analyzed the interaction of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes with several risk behaviors among Taiwanese including smoking, alcohol drinking, and betel quid chewing. The results indicated that there was no interaction among Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes and cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, or betel quid consumption on determining personal susceptibility for NPC (Table IV). We also examined the correlations between genotypes at Cas-8 rs3834129 and clinicopathological features of NPC patients. Gender, age and the pathological status of patients did not affect the influence of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes on NPC risk (data not shown). The finding in NPC was consistent with our previous study investigating the association of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes with oral cancer, another head and neck cancer (38). These highlight findings are also consistent with a previous report investigating the contribution of Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes to oral cancer susceptibility in a South Indian population. Noticeably, Du and his colleagues have conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the association between the Cas-8 rs3834129 polymorphisms and the risk for digestive tract cancers (39). They found an evident association between Cas-8 rs3834129 polymorphisms and reduced digestive cancer risk, especially for Asians (22). Future studies investigating the association of Cas-8 rs3834129 polymorphism and the risk of NPC in larger and different populations are urgently required to confirm our findings. These results may contribute to revealing the influence of genomic factors among different ethnicities.
In conclusion, the study provided evidence showing that Cas-8 rs3834129 genotypes were not associated with altered risk for NPC in a representative Taiwanese population. In addition, in the stratified analyses, no interaction between Cas-8 rs3834129 and personal behaviors such as cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and betel quid consumption, on NPC risk determination was found.
Acknowledgements
The Authors appreciate the TissueBank of China Medical University Hospital for their excellent technical assistance and all the subjects, doctors, nurses and colleagues. The perfect technological expertise and efforts from Kai-Cheng Chan, Yu-Ting Chin, Tai-Lin Huang, Yu-Hsin Lin, Yi-Ru Huang and Yu-Chen Hsiau are also appreciated. This study was supported mainly by the China Medical University and Hospital (DMR-109-143) to Dr. Bau.
Footnotes
↵* These Authors contributed equally to this study.
Authors' Contributions
Research design: Shih LC, Tsai CW and Chang WS; patient and questionnaire summaries: Shih LC and Shen TC; experimental work: Wang YC and Yang JS; statistical analysis: Wang ZH and Lin ML; article writing: Wang ZH and Bau DT; review and revision: Chang WS, Tsai CW and Bau DT.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors declare no conflicts of interest in regard to this study.
- Received July 27, 2020.
- Revision received August 6, 2020.
- Accepted August 7, 2020.
- Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved
References
In this issue
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Genotypes With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk
- Impact of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Polymorphisms on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk
- Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Genotypes With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk
- Significant Association of Cyclin D1 Promoter Genotypes With Asthma Susceptibility in Taiwan
- Interaction of DNA Repair Gene XPC With Smoking and Betel Quid Chewing Behaviors of Oral Cancer
- Significant Association of Chitinase 3-like 1 Genotypes to Asthma Risk in Taiwan