Abstract
Background/Aim: Oleuropein belongs to the potent polyphenols of olive oil. Notably, it is considered as a potentially active anticancer agent. Herein, the anticancer efficiency of oleuropein, when used separately and in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent, 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), was investigated in highly metastatic osteosarcoma (OS) cells. Materials and Methods: Human OS cells (143B OS cell line) were incubated with oleuropein and 2-ME, alone or in combination. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Cell migration assays were used in order to determine the anti-migratory potential of the compounds, while their impact on autophagy was evaluated via the LC3-antibody-based detection assay. The interaction between oleuropein and 2-ME was determined via the CalcuSyn software. Results: Both anti-migratory and anti-proliferative effects of oleuropein were demonstrated on human OS cells. Anticancer effects of oleuropein were significantly enhanced after 2-ME addition. Treatment of 143B OS cell with oleuropein, alone or in combination with 2-ME resulted in induction of autophagy. Conclusion: The obtained data suggest an anticancer effect of oleuropein, alone and in combination with 2-ME, on highly metastatic 143B OS cells. Notably, a synergism between oleuropein and 2-ME towards 143B OS cells was detected. The exact mechanism of this synergism needs to be further investigated; nonetheless, induction of nitro-oxidative stress and/or induction of autophagy are suggested.
Footnotes
↵* These Authors contributed equally to this study.
Authors' Contributions
Conceived and designed the study: Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska; cell culture: Paulina Przychodzen, Roksana Wyszkowska, Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska; performed the experiments: Paulina Przychodzen, Roksana Wyszkowska; Monika Gorzynik-Debicka; Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska; graphical part: Tomasz Kostrzewa, Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska; analyzed the data: Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska; Database collections: Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska, Alicja Kuban-Jankowska, Paulina Przychodzen, Roksana Wyszkowska; Manuscript corrections: Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska, Alicja Kuban-Jankowska, Paulina Przychodzen, Roksana Wyszkowska; Wrote the article: Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska.
Conflicts of Interest
The Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding
The studies concerning anticancer potential of oleuropein and manuscript publication were funded by the MN grant No. 01-0276/08/259 from the Medical University of Gdansk (Gdansk, Poland) and the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. The part of study concerning the anticancer role of 2-methoxyestradiol was funded by the “Iuventus Plus” program of Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education No IP 2015 022074. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the article.
- Received November 15, 2018.
- Revision received January 19, 2019.
- Accepted February 28, 2019.
- Copyright© 2019, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved