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Review ArticlePROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM “BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF LIGHT” (Homburg/Saar, Germany)R

Vitamin D and Mortality

STEFAN PILZ, MARTIN GRÜBLER, MARTIN GAKSCH, VERENA SCHWETZ, CHRISTIAN TRUMMER, BRÍAIN Ó. HARTAIGH, NICOLAS VERHEYEN, ANDREAS TOMASCHITZ and WINFRIED MÄRZ
Anticancer Research March 2016, 36 (3) 1379-1387;
STEFAN PILZ
1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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  • For correspondence: stefan.pilz@chello.at
MARTIN GRÜBLER
1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
3Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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MARTIN GAKSCH
1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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VERENA SCHWETZ
1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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CHRISTIAN TRUMMER
1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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BRÍAIN Ó. HARTAIGH
4Department of Radiology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and the Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, U.S.A.
5Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Adler Geriatric Center, New Haven, CT, U.S.A.
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NICOLAS VERHEYEN
6Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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ANDREAS TOMASCHITZ
6Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
7Specialist Clinic of Rehabilitation PV Bad Aussee, Bad Aussee, Austria
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WINFRIED MÄRZ
8Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
9Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology, Diabetology, Rheumatology), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
10Synlab Academy, Synlab Laboratory Services GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract

In this narrative review, we aim to summarize and discuss the current evidence linking vitamin D and mortality. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations are associated with an increased risk of mortality. This has been shown in different cohort studies including general populations, as well as various patient cohorts. Some single-study results and meta-analyses indicate that the shape of the relationship between 25(OH)D and mortality follows a U- or a reverse J-shaped curve. Interassay and laboratory differences are, however, a limitation of most previous surveys, and standardization of 25(OH)D measurements is needed for future investigations. Apart from observational data, it has been documented in meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials that vitamin D3 supplementation is associated with a moderate, yet statistically significant, reduction in mortality. This latter finding must be interpreted in light of some limitations such as incomplete follow-up data, but such a reduction of mortality with vitamin D3 supplementation as the finding of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials strongly argues for the benefits and, importantly, also the safety of vitamin D.

  • Vitamin D
  • mortality
  • RCT
  • epidemiology
  • 25(OH)D
  • review
  • Received November 30, 2015.
  • Revision received January 12, 2016.
  • Accepted January 14, 2016.
  • Copyright© 2016 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved
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Anticancer Research: 36 (3)
Anticancer Research
Vol. 36, Issue 3
March 2016
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Vitamin D and Mortality
STEFAN PILZ, MARTIN GRÜBLER, MARTIN GAKSCH, VERENA SCHWETZ, CHRISTIAN TRUMMER, BRÍAIN Ó. HARTAIGH, NICOLAS VERHEYEN, ANDREAS TOMASCHITZ, WINFRIED MÄRZ
Anticancer Research Mar 2016, 36 (3) 1379-1387;

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Vitamin D and Mortality
STEFAN PILZ, MARTIN GRÜBLER, MARTIN GAKSCH, VERENA SCHWETZ, CHRISTIAN TRUMMER, BRÍAIN Ó. HARTAIGH, NICOLAS VERHEYEN, ANDREAS TOMASCHITZ, WINFRIED MÄRZ
Anticancer Research Mar 2016, 36 (3) 1379-1387;
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Vitamin D Metabolism and Classic Effects of Vitamin D
    • Vitamin D Status and Mortality
    • Vitamin D Genetics and Mortality
    • Vitamin D Supplementation and Mortality
    • Vitamin D and Specific Causes of Death
    • Outlook and Conclusion
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Keywords

  • vitamin D
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