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Research ArticleExperimental Studies

Gallic Acid Induces DNA Damage and Inhibits DNA Repair-associated Protein Expression in Human Oral Cancer SCC-4 Cells

SHU-WEN WENG, SHU-CHUN HSU, HSIN-CHUNG LIU, BIN-CHUAN JI, JIN-CHERNG LIEN, FU-SHUN YU, KUO-CHING LIU, KUANG-CHI LAI, JING-PIN LIN and JING-GUNG CHUNG
Anticancer Research April 2015, 35 (4) 2077-2084;
SHU-WEN WENG
1Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
2Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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SHU-CHUN HSU
3Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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HSIN-CHUNG LIU
3Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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BIN-CHUAN JI
4Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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JIN-CHERNG LIEN
5School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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FU-SHUN YU
6Department of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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KUO-CHING LIU
7Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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KUANG-CHI LAI
8College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung Hwa University of Medicine Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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JING-PIN LIN
9School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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  • For correspondence: jgchung@mail.cmu.edu.tw jplin@mail.cmu.edu.tw
JING-GUNG CHUNG
3Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
10Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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  • For correspondence: jgchung@mail.cmu.edu.tw jplin@mail.cmu.edu.tw
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Abstract

Gallic acid (GA), a phenolic compound naturally present in plants, used as an antioxidant additive in food and in the pharmaceutical industry, may have cancer chemopreventive properties. In the present study, we investigated whether GA induced DNA damage and affected DNA repair-associated protein expression in human oral cancer SCC-4 cells. Flow cytometry assays were used to measure total viable cells and results indicated that GA decreased viable cells dose-dependently. The comet assay and 4’,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining were used to measure DNA damage, as well as condensation and it was shown that GA induced DNA damage (comet tail) and DNA condensation in a dose-dependent manner. DNA gel electrophoresis was used to examine DNA fragmentation and we found that GA induced DNA ladder (fragmentation). Using western blotting it was shown that GA inhibited the protein expressions of MDC1, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), p-H2A.X, p53, DNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase (DNA-PK) and 14-3-3 proteins sigma (14-3-3σ) but increased p-p53, phosphate-ataxia-telangiectasia (p-H2A.X) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (p-ATR), phosphate-ataxia telangiectasia mutated (p-ATM) and breast cancer susceptibility protein 1 (BRCA1) in a 24-h treatment. The protein translocation was examined by confocal laser microscopy and results indicated that GA increased the levels of p-H2A.X, MDC1 and p-p53 in SCC-4 cells. In conclusion, we found that GA-induced cell death may proceed through the induced DNA damage and suppressed DNA repair-associated protein expression in SCC-4 cells.

  • Gallic acid (GA)
  • DNA damage
  • Comet assay
  • DNA repair
  • human oral cancer SCC-4 cells
  • Received October 3, 2014.
  • Revision received December 4, 2014.
  • Accepted January 13, 2015.
  • Copyright© 2015 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved
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Gallic Acid Induces DNA Damage and Inhibits DNA Repair-associated Protein Expression in Human Oral Cancer SCC-4 Cells
SHU-WEN WENG, SHU-CHUN HSU, HSIN-CHUNG LIU, BIN-CHUAN JI, JIN-CHERNG LIEN, FU-SHUN YU, KUO-CHING LIU, KUANG-CHI LAI, JING-PIN LIN, JING-GUNG CHUNG
Anticancer Research Apr 2015, 35 (4) 2077-2084;

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Gallic Acid Induces DNA Damage and Inhibits DNA Repair-associated Protein Expression in Human Oral Cancer SCC-4 Cells
SHU-WEN WENG, SHU-CHUN HSU, HSIN-CHUNG LIU, BIN-CHUAN JI, JIN-CHERNG LIEN, FU-SHUN YU, KUO-CHING LIU, KUANG-CHI LAI, JING-PIN LIN, JING-GUNG CHUNG
Anticancer Research Apr 2015, 35 (4) 2077-2084;
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Keywords

  • Gallic acid (GA)
  • DNA damage
  • Comet assay
  • DNA repair
  • human oral cancer SCC-4 cells
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