Research ArticleClinical Studies

C-Reactive Protein as Predictor of Recurrence in Patients with Rectal Cancer Undergoing Chemoradiotherapy Followed by Surgery

YUJI TOIYAMA, YASUHIRO INOUE, SUSUMU SAIGUSA, MIKIO KAWAMURA, AYA KAWAMOTO, YOSHINAGA OKUGAWA, JYUNICHIRO HIRO, KOJI TANAKA, YASUHIKO MOHRI and MASATO KUSUNOKI
Anticancer Research November 2013, 33 (11) 5065-5074;

Abstract

Background: The clinical significance of the systemic inflammatory response (SIR) in patients with rectal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT), to the best of our knowledge, has not been thus far investigated. Patients and Methods: The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and C-Reactive protein (CRP) levels for 84 patients with rectal cancer undergoing CRT were available as indicators of SIR status. The impact of SIR status on the prognosis of these patients was assessed. Results: Elevated NLR, CRP, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and pathological TNM stage III [ypN(+)] were identified as significant prognostic factors for poor overall survival (OS), with CRP and ypN(+) being validated as independent predictors of OS. Elevated CRP and CEA levels were significant predictive factors for poor disease-free survival (DFS), and an elevated CRP level was identified as the only independent predictive factor for DFS. In addition, an elevated CRP level predicted for poorer OS and DFS in patients with pathological TNM stage I-II [ypN(−)]. Conclusion: CRP is a promising predictor of recurrence and prognosis in patients with rectal cancer treated by CRT.

Rectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in Japan and in the Western world. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME) is currently recognized as one of the standard therapeutic strategies for locally advanced rectal cancer, and many clinical studies have shown that CRT improves the rate of sphincter preservation and reduces the rate of postoperative local recurrence (1, 2). However, despite significant improvements in the management of rectal cancer, distant recurrence remains the major cause of mortality in patients undergoing preoperative CRT followed by TME.

Many biomarkers have the potential to act as supplementary tools for the further classification of patients with colorectal cancer into subgroups based on the current standard TNM classification (3-5). The systemic inflammatory response (SIR), which is thought to be secondary to hypoxia or tumor necrosis, is associated with the anti-apoptotic characteristic of cancer cells (6) and has been shown to be a reliable biomarker of outcome in a variety of malignancies (7). C-Reactive protein (CRP) is an essential acute-phase reactant, acting as a surveillance molecule for activation of the adaptive immune system, and its levels correlate with outcome in patients undergoing cancer treatment (8, 9). CRP is an independent predictor of postoperative recurrence and prognosis in colorectal cancer (10), and has also been demonstrated as a predictor of chemosensitivity (11, 12).

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are two further representative indices of systemic inflammation, and their prognostic value has been studied in many types of cancer (13). A high NLR or PLR was shown to predict poor outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer undergoing primary resection, without lymph node metastases, and those undergoing hepatectomy for liver metastases (14-16). However, the clinical significance of SIR in patients with rectal cancer undergoing CRT followed by surgery has not been fully investigated.

In this study, we investigated the correlations between levels of the SIR markers CRP, NLR and PLR in pre-treatment blood tests, and clinicopathological features in patients undergoing CRT followed by TME for locally advanced rectal cancer, and evaluated their potential as biomarkers of outcome.

View this table:
Table I.

Patients' characteristics.

Patients and Methods

Patients. A total of 84 patients with rectal cancer received pre-operative CRT followed by TME at our Institute from 2001 to 2012. The criteria for pre-operative CRT were: age 80 years or younger, clinical stage I-III based on the International Union Against Cancer's TNM classification (17), and no evidence of deep venous thrombosis.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemoradiotherapy regimen. Patients with rectal cancer were treated at our Institute with short-course (20 Gy in four fractions) or long-course (45 Gy in 25 fractions) radiotherapy using a four-field box technique. Patients underwent concurrent pharmacokinetic modulation chemotherapy (intravenous infusion of 5-FU: 600 mg/m2 for 24 h, and tegafur/uracil given as 400 mg/m2 orally for five days) to take advantage of 5-FU-mediated radiosensitization (18). Forty-eight patients (57%) received short-course radiotherapy with chemotherapy over one week. The remaining 36 patients (43%) received long-course radiotherapy with chemotherapy for four weeks. The time interval between preoperative CRT and surgery was two to three weeks in short-course irradiation, and four to six weeks in long-course irradiation. All patients underwent standard surgery including TME, and received 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery for six months to one year.

Laboratory measurement of neutrophils, lymphocytes, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CRP. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, CEA and CRP were analyzed in routine blood tests. Blood samples from each patient were obtained within one week prior to CRT. The NLR was defined as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and patients were divided into two groups using a cut-off value of 3 (19). The PLR was defined as the platelet count-to-lymphocyte ratio, and patients were categorized according to ratios of ≤150 or >150 (13). The cut-off value for CEA was ≤5 ng/μl and >5 ng/μl, according to the normal range at our Institute. The cut-off value for CRP was defined as 0.2 mg/dl because levels <0.2 mg/dl could not be demonstrated at our Institute. We obtained written informed consent from all patients according to guidelines approved by the Institutional Research Board.

Clinical response, tumor regression after CRT and pathological staging of surgical specimens. The clinical response after preoperative CRT was evaluated by barium enema, endoscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Response was graded as a complete response, partial response, no change, or progressive disease. After resection of the tumor, all specimens were analyzed histopathologically, and pathological TNM classification and staging were determined according to the classification established by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (17). The degree of histopathological tumor regression was based on the Guidelines for the Clinical and Pathologic Studies on Carcinoma of the Colorectum, and was classified into four categories: grade 0, no necrosis or regressive changes; grade 1a, more than two-thirds vital residual tumor cells (VRTCs); grade 1b, approximately one-third to two-thirds VRTCs; grade 2, fewer than one-third VRTCs; and grade 3, no VRTCs (20). We defined non-responders as patients with histopathological tumor regression grade 0-1b, and responders as those with grades 2-3.

View this table:
Table II.

Associations between tumor markers Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and systemic inflammatory response (SIR) status and clinicopathological findings.

Statistical analysis. The associations between SIR status, CEA and clinicopathological findings were analyzed using χ2 tests. OS and DFS curves were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences were examined using log-rank tests. Cox's proportional hazard regression test was used to estimate univariate and multivariate hazard ratios for recurrence and prognosis. Multivariate survival analyses were performed using the factors that were significant on univariate survival analyses. All p-values were two-sided, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were carried out using Medcalc 7.2 for Windows (Mariakerke, Belgium).

Results

Patients' characteristics. The general characteristics of the patients are shown in Table I. The median age was 64.5 years (range=33-80 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 2.8:1. The pre-CRT clinical T stages were T1 (n=2), T2 (n=14), T3 (n=54) and T4 (n=24). Clinical N stages before CRT were N0 (n=27) and N1-3 (n=57). The post-CRT pathological T stages were ypT0 (n=5), ypT1 (n=8), ypT2 (n=26) and ypT3 (n=45). A total of 46 patients (55%) had lymph node metastases (ypN1-3). Seventy-three tumors (87%) had well- or moderately-differentiated adenocarcinoma histology. A total of four patients (5%) had local recurrence alone, and 12 patients (14%) had distant recurrence. The 5-point historical tumor regression grades were as follows: grade 0 (n=0), grade 1a (n=27), grade 1b (n=22), grade 2 (n=29), and grade 3 (n=6). The median follow-up period was 56 months (range=2-147 months).

View this table:
Table III.

Uni- and multivariate analysis for prognosis of curative rectal cancer after chemoradiotherapy.

View this table:
Table IV.

Uni- and multivariate analysis for predictors of recurrence in curative rectal cancer after chemoradiotherapy.

Associations between pre-CRT CEA, CRP, NLR and PLR, and clinicopathological features. An elevated CEA level was associated with an increasing clinical T stage (p=0.008) and pathological T stage (p=0.034), and postoperative tumor recurrence (p=0.01). Similarly, an elevated CRP level was associated with increasing clinical T stage (p=0.002) and postoperative tumor recurrence (p=0.0007). However, no markers were associated with tumor regression grade by CRT (Table II).

Pre-CRT serum CRP is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with rectal cancer undergoing CRT followed by TME. OS curves for patients classified on the basis of CEA and NLR, PLR and CRP values prior to CRT are shown in Figure 1. Patients with elevated CRP, NLR and CEA levels had significantly poorer OS than patients with levels below the cut-off values (log-rank test: CRP, p<0.0001; NLR, p=0.01; CEA, p<0.001) (Figure 1 A, B and D). Patients with elevated PLR also had poorer OS than those with lower PLR, but the difference was not significant (log-rank test: p=0.07) (Figure 1 C). Univariate analysis identified pathological TNM stage III [ypN(+)] (p=0.0098), elevated CEA (p=0.007), elevated NLR (p=0.01) and elevated CRP (p<0.0001) as significant prognostic factors for poor OS. Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model showed that pathological TNM stage III [ypN(+)] (Hazard Ratio (HR)=4.57 [95% confidence interval (CI)=1.65-12.67]; p=0.003) and elevated CRP (HR=8.04 [95% CI=2.48-26.08]; p=0.0005) were independent predictors of poor prognosis in patients with rectal cancer treated with CRT followed by TME (Table III).

Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Kaplan–Meier curves for overall survival (OS) classified according to systemic inflammatory response (SIR) status and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level prior to chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. OS rates subdivided by C-Reactive protein (CRP) level (A), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (B), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (C) and CEA level (D).

Pre-CRT serum CRP is an independent predictor of recurrence in patients with rectal cancer undergoing CRT followed by TME. DFS curves for patients classified according to CEA and SIR markers before CRT are shown in Figure 2. Patients with elevated CRP and CEA levels had significantly poorer DFS than patients with levels below the cut-off values (log-rank test: CRP, p<0.0001; CEA, p=0.01) (Figure 2 A and D). In contrast, patients with elevated NLR or PLR also had poorer OS than those with lower values, but differences were not significant (log-rank test: NLR, p=0.1; PLR, p=0.26) (Figure 2 B and C). In univariate analysis, both elevated CEA (p=0.02) and CRP (p=0.0003) were significant predictive factors for poor DFS. Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model showed that only elevated CRP (HR=4.56; 95% CI=1.66-12.49; p=0.003) was an independent predictive marker for early recurrence in patients with rectal cancer treated with CRT followed by TME (Table IV).

Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Kaplan–Meier curves for disease-free Survival (DFS) classified according to Systemic Inflammatory Response (SIR) status and Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level prior to chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. DFS rates subdivided by C-reactive protein (CRP) level (A), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (B), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (C) and CEA level (D).

High pre-CRT CRP predicts recurrence in patients with pathological TNM stage I-II [ypN(−)] rectal cancer. We demonstrated that the clinical TNM stage before CRT was unable to predict for OS and DFS in patients with rectal cancer (Figure 3 A and B). In contrast, only pathological TNM stage predicted for early recurrence and poor prognosis in such patients undergoing CRT followed by surgery. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that pathological TNM stage III [ypN(+)] was associated with significantly lower probabilities of OS and DFS than pathological TNM stage I-II [ypN(−)] (OS, p=0.006; DFS, p=0.05; log-rank test) (Figure 3 C and D).

We also analyzed whether pre-CRT CRP could predict for early recurrence or poor prognosis in pathological TNM stages I-II [ypN(−)] and III [ypN(+)]. An elevated CRP level was associated with significantly poorer OS than a normal CRP level in pathological TNM stage III [ypN(+)] (p=0.0004; log-rank test) (Figure 4 B). Similarly, an elevated CRP level was associated with poorer DFS than a normal CRP level, although the difference was not significant (p=0.21, log-rank test) (Figure 4 D). However, an elevated CRP level was associated with significantly poorer OS and DFS than a normal CRP level in pathological TNM stage I-II [ypN(−)] (OS, p=0.0002; DFS, p<0.0001; log-rank test) (Figure 4 A and C).

Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Kaplan–Meier curves for Overall Survival (OS) and Disease-Free Survival (DFS) in patients with rectal cancer classified according to clinical TNM stage prior to chemoradiotherapy and pathological TNM stage of resected specimens. OS (A) and DFS (B) rates for patients with rectal cancer with clinical TNM stage I-II and those with stage III disease. OS (C) and DFS (D) rates for patients with rectal cancer with pathological TNM stage III [ypN(+)] and those with stage I-II [ypN(−)].

Discussion

The pathological lymph node status in surgical specimens is known to be the most important factor predicting for long-term oncological outcomes in patients with rectal cancer treated with surgery alone (21-23). However, ypN stage remains the most important predictor of long-term outcomes in patients treated with pre-operative CRT (21-23). The German Intergroup trial showed that ypT, ypN, yp stage, tumor regression grade, and histological grade were significantly associated with DFS in univariate analysis, and ypN stage was the strongest prognostic factor for DFS in multivariate analysis (21). Similarly, Bujko et al. (22) and Kim et al. (24) reported that ypN was an independent prognostic factor for DFS and OS. We also demonstrated that patients with ypN-positive (pathological stage III) disease had significantly poorer DFS and OS than those with ypN-negative (pathological stage I-II) disease, and ypN status was an independent prognostic factor predicting OS.

Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Kaplan–Meier curves for Overall Survival (OS) and Disease-Free Survival (DFS) in patients with ypN(−) and ypN(+) rectal cancer classified according to C-Reactive protein (CRP) level before chemoradiotherapy. OS rates in ypN(−) (A) and ypN(+) (B) rectal cancer subdivided by CRP level. DFS rates in ypN(−) (C) and ypN(+) (D) rectal cancer subdivided by CRP level.

However, the oncological outcomes of patients who respond well to preoperative CRT for locally advanced rectal cancer (ypT1-2N0) are significantly poorer in terms of DFS and OS than those of patients with early rectal cancer (pT1-2N0), even if the final TNM stages are the same (25). Thus, some patients treated with CRT will be faulsely assessed as having good outcomes because their pathological N stage is modified from ypN-positive to -negative as a result of effective CRT. There is, therefore, a clear need to identify pre-CRT biomarkers for rectal cancer that do not depend on this staging system, and which will facilitate the identification of patients with a poor prognosis, and thus permit personalized treatment strategies in patients at high risk of tumor recurrence.

Previous investigators demonstrated the significance of the tumor marker CEA (26-29), absolute lymphocyte count (30), platelet count (31), NLR (32) and fibrinogen (33, 34) as potential pre-CRT biomarkers for predicting oncological outcomes in patients with rectal cancer treated with CRT followed by TME. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have compared the prognostic values of pre-CRT SIR status markers (CRP, NLR and PLR) and CEA. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that elevated pre-CRT CRP, NLR and CEA levels in patients with rectal cancer treated with preoperative CRT were predictive of poorer OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that elevated CRP and ypN-positivity (pathological TNM stage III) were significant independent prognostic factors for poor OS, while elevated pre-CRT CRP and CEA levels also predicted for early recurrence of rectal cancer. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that only serum CRP was an independent predictor of DFS. Collectively, these results suggest that the pre-CRT CRP level is a promising biomarker for predicting early recurrence, and consequently poor prognosis, in patients with potentially curable rectal cancer undergoing CRT followed by TME.

Although systemic postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy has a clear role to play in the management of pathological stage III colon cancer, its value in locally advanced rectal cancer remains unclear, especially when pathological staging may be affected by preoperative CRT. In addition, the preoperative evaluation of tumor invasiveness and involved lymph nodes remains poor (35, 36), uncertainties over patient selection, poor compliance with adjuvant postoperative treatment (2), and lack of clarity over postoperative therapeutic utility in patients receiving CRT (37), indicate that alternative intensified preoperative treatment strategies may be needed. However, such approaches may be associated with toxicity, and careful patient selection is, therefore, clearly important. We demonstrated that elevated pre-CRT CRP levels were associated with postoperative recurrence or cancer-specific death in patients with pathological TNM stage I-II [ypN(−)] rectal cancer, and this may help to guide the selection of patients likely to benefit from postoperative chemotherapy. However, the value of CRP requires validation in a prospective, stratified phase III study prior to being accepted into routine clinical practice.

In conclusion, CRP, as a pre-CRT marker of SIR, can be determined from routine blood tests without the need for special techniques or expertise, and may represent an effective biomarker for predicting recurrence or poor prognosis in patients with rectal cancer undergoing CRT followed by TME.

  • Received August 3, 2013.
  • Revision received September 30, 2013.
  • Accepted October 1, 2013.

References

  1. ↵
    1. Sauer R,
    2. Becker H,
    3. Hohenberger W,
    4. Rodel C,
    5. Wittekind C,
    6. Fietkau R,
    7. Martus P,
    8. Tschmelitsch J,
    9. Hager E,
    10. Hess CF,
    11. Karstens JH,
    12. Liersch T,
    13. Schmidberger H,
    14. Raab R
    : Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 351: 1731-1740, 2004.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. ↵
    1. Bosset JF,
    2. Collette L,
    3. Calais G,
    4. Mineur L,
    5. Maingon P,
    6. Radosevic-Jelic L,
    7. Daban A,
    8. Bardet E,
    9. Beny A,
    10. Ollier JC
    : Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 355: 1114-1123, 2006.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  3. ↵
    1. Akiyoshi T,
    2. Kobunai T,
    3. Watanabe T
    : Recent approaches to identifying biomarkers for high-risk stage II colon cancer. Surg Today 42: 1037-1045, 2012.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Kelley RK,
    2. Venook AP
    : Prognostic and predictive markers in stage II colon cancer: is there a role for gene expression profiling? Clin Colorectal Cancer 10: 73-80, 2011.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. ↵
    1. Nosho K,
    2. Baba Y,
    3. Tanaka N,
    4. Shima K,
    5. Hayashi M,
    6. Meyerhardt JA,
    7. Giovannucci E,
    8. Dranoff G,
    9. Fuchs CS,
    10. Ogino S
    : Tumour-infiltrating T-cell subsets, molecular changes in colorectal cancer, and prognosis: cohort study and literature review. J Pathol 222: 350-366, 2010.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. ↵
    1. Roxburgh CS,
    2. McMillan DC
    : Role of systemic inflammatory response in predicting survival in patients with primary operable cancer. Future Oncol 6: 149-163, 2010.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. ↵
    1. McMillan DC
    : Systemic inflammation, nutritional status and survival in patients with cancer. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 12: 223-226, 2009.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. ↵
    1. Proctor MJ,
    2. Morrison DS,
    3. Talwar D,
    4. Balmer SM,
    5. Fletcher CD,
    6. O'Reilly DS,
    7. Foulis AK,
    8. Horgan PG,
    9. McMillan DC
    : A comparison of inflammation-based prognostic scores in patients with cancer. A Glasgow Inflammation Outcome Study. Eur J Cancer 47: 2633-2641, 2011.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. ↵
    1. Roxburgh CS,
    2. Salmond JM,
    3. Horgan PG,
    4. Oien KA,
    5. McMillan DC
    : Comparison of the prognostic value of inflammation-based pathologic and biochemical criteria in patients undergoing potentially curative resection for colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 249: 788-793, 2009.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. ↵
    1. McMillan DC,
    2. Crozier JE,
    3. Canna K,
    4. Angerson WJ,
    5. McArdle CS
    : Evaluation of an inflammation-based prognostic score (GPS) in patients undergoing resection for colon and rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 22: 881-886, 2007.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  11. ↵
    1. Roxburgh C,
    2. McDonald A,
    3. Salmond J,
    4. Oien K,
    5. Anderson J,
    6. McKee R,
    7. Horgan P,
    8. McMillan D
    : Adjuvant chemotherapy for resected colon cancer: comparison of the prognostic value of tumour and patient related factors. Int J Colorectal Dis 26: 483-492, 2011.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  12. ↵
    1. Ishizuka M,
    2. Nagata H,
    3. Takagi K,
    4. Kubota K
    : Influence of inflammation-based prognostic score on mortality of patients undergoing chemotherapy for far advanced or recurrent unresectable colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 250: 268-272, 2009.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  13. ↵
    1. Proctor MJ,
    2. Morrison DS,
    3. Talwar D,
    4. Balmer SM,
    5. O'Reilly DS,
    6. Foulis AK,
    7. Horgan PG,
    8. McMillan DC
    : An inflammation-based prognostic score (mGPS) predicts cancer survival independent of tumour site: a Glasgow Inflammation Outcome Study. Br J Cancer 104: 726-734, 2011.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  14. ↵
    1. Walsh SR,
    2. Cook EJ,
    3. Goulder F,
    4. Justin TA,
    5. Keeling NJ
    : Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 91: 181-184, 2005.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    1. Malik HZ,
    2. Prasad KR,
    3. Halazun KJ,
    4. Aldoori A,
    5. Al-Mukhtar A,
    6. Gomez D,
    7. Lodge JP,
    8. Toogood GJ
    : Preoperative prognostic score for predicting survival after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 246: 806-814, 2007.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  16. ↵
    1. Ding PR,
    2. An X,
    3. Zhang RX,
    4. Fang YJ,
    5. Li LR,
    6. Chen G,
    7. Wu XJ,
    8. Lu ZH,
    9. Lin JZ,
    10. Kong LH,
    11. Wan DS,
    12. Pan ZZ
    : Elevated preoperative neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts risk of recurrence following curative resection for stage IIA colon cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 25: 1427-1433, 2010.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  17. ↵
    1. Sobin LH,
    2. Gospodarowicz MK,
    3. Wittekind C
    : UICC: TNM classification of malignant tumors. 7th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
  18. ↵
    1. Yoshikawa R,
    2. Kusunoki M,
    3. Yanagi H,
    4. Noda M,
    5. Furuyama JI,
    6. Yamamura T,
    7. Hashimoto-Tamaoki T
    : Dual antitumor effects of 5-fluorouracil on the cell cycle in colorectal carcinoma cells: a novel target mechanism concept for pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy. Cancer Res 61: 1029-1037, 2001.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  19. ↵
    1. Chiang SF,
    2. Hung HY,
    3. Tang R,
    4. Changchien CR,
    5. Chen JS,
    6. You YT,
    7. Chiang JM,
    8. Lin JR
    : Can neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predict the survival of colorectal cancer patients who have received curative surgery electively? Int J Colorectal Dis 27: 1347-1357, 2012.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. ↵
    1. Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum
    : General Rules for Clinical and Pathological Studies on Cancer of the Colon, Rectum and Anus. Tokyo, Kanehara, 2006.
  21. ↵
    1. Rodel C,
    2. Martus P,
    3. Papadoupolos T,
    4. Fuzesi L,
    5. Klimpfinger M,
    6. Fietkau R,
    7. Liersch T,
    8. Hohenberger W,
    9. Raab R,
    10. Sauer R,
    11. Wittekind C
    : Prognostic significance of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 23: 8688-8696, 2005.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  22. ↵
    1. Bujko K,
    2. Michalski W,
    3. Kepka L,
    4. Nowacki MP,
    5. Nasierowska-Guttmejer A,
    6. Tokar P,
    7. Dymecki D,
    8. Pawlak M,
    9. Lesniak T,
    10. Richter P,
    11. Wojnar A,
    12. Chmielik E
    : Association between pathologic response in metastatic lymph nodes after preoperative chemoradiotherapy and risk of distant metastases in rectal cancer: An analysis of outcomes in a randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67: 369-377, 2007.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  23. ↵
    1. Kim NK,
    2. Baik SH,
    3. Seong JS,
    4. Kim H,
    5. Roh JK,
    6. Lee KY,
    7. Sohn SK,
    8. Cho CH
    : Oncologic outcomes after neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by curative resection with tumor-specific mesorectal excision for fixed locally advanced rectal cancer: Impact of postirradiated pathologic downstaging on local recurrence and survival. Ann Surg 244: 1024-1030, 2006.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. ↵
    1. Kim TH,
    2. Chang HJ,
    3. Kim DY,
    4. Jung KH,
    5. Hong YS,
    6. Kim SY,
    7. Park JW,
    8. Oh JH,
    9. Lim SB,
    10. Choi HS,
    11. Jeong SY
    : Pathologic nodal classification is the most discriminating prognostic factor for disease-free survival in rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and curative resection. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 77: 1158-1165, 2010.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  25. ↵
    1. Huh JW,
    2. Kim CH,
    3. Kim HR,
    4. Kim YJ
    : Oncologic outcomes of pathologic stage I lower rectal cancer with or without preoperative chemoradiotherapy: are they comparable? Surgery 150: 980-984, 2011.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  26. ↵
    1. Nissan A,
    2. Stojadinovic A,
    3. Shia J,
    4. Hoos A,
    5. Guillem JG,
    6. Klimstra D,
    7. Cohen AM,
    8. Minsky BD,
    9. Paty PB,
    10. Wong WD
    : Predictors of recurrence in patients with T2 and early T3, N0 adenocarcinoma of the rectum treated by surgery alone. J Clin Oncol 24: 4078-4084, 2006.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Park JW,
    2. Lim SB,
    3. Kim DY,
    4. Jung KH,
    5. Hong YS,
    6. Chang HJ,
    7. Choi HS,
    8. Jeong SY
    : Carcinoembryonic antigen as a predictor of pathologic response and a prognostic factor in locally advanced rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 74: 810-817, 2009.
    OpenUrlPubMed
    1. Moreno Garcia V,
    2. Cejas P,
    3. Blanco Codesido M,
    4. Feliu Batlle J,
    5. de Castro Carpeno J,
    6. Belda-Iniesta C,
    7. Barriuso J,
    8. Sanchez JJ,
    9. Larrauri J,
    10. Gonzalez-Baron M,
    11. Casado E
    : Prognostic value of carcinoembryonic antigen level in rectal cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Int J Colorectal Dis 24: 741-748, 2009.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  29. ↵
    1. Perez RO,
    2. Sao Juliao GP,
    3. Habr-Gama A,
    4. Kiss D,
    5. Proscurshim I,
    6. Campos FG,
    7. Gama-Rodrigues JJ,
    8. Cecconello I
    : The role of carcinoembriogenic antigen in predicting response and survival to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for distal rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 52: 1137-1143, 2009.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  30. ↵
    1. Yasuda K,
    2. Sunami E,
    3. Kawai K,
    4. Nagawa H,
    5. Kitayama J
    : Laboratory blood data have a significant impact on tumor response and outcome in preoperative chemoradiotherapy for advanced rectal cancer. J Gastrointest Cancer 43: 236-243, 2012.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  31. ↵
    1. Kawai K,
    2. Kitayama J,
    3. Tsuno NH,
    4. Sunami E,
    5. Watanabe T
    : Thrombocytosis before pre-operative chemoradiotherapy predicts poor response and shorter local recurrence-free survival in rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 28: 527-535, 2013.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  32. ↵
    1. Carruthers R,
    2. Tho LM,
    3. Brown J,
    4. Kakumanu S,
    5. McCartney E,
    6. McDonald AC
    : Systemic inflammatory response is a predictor of outcome in patients undergoing preoperative chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 14: e701-707, 2012.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  33. ↵
    1. Kawai K,
    2. Kitayama J,
    3. Tsuno NH,
    4. Sunami E,
    5. Nagawa H
    : Hyperfibrinogenemia after preoperative chemoradiotherapy predicts poor response and poor prognosis in rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 26: 45-51, 2011.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  34. ↵
    1. Lu K,
    2. Zhu Y,
    3. Sheng L,
    4. Liu L,
    5. Shen L,
    6. Wei Q
    : Serum fibrinogen level predicts the therapeutic response and prognosis in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 58: 1507-1510, 2011.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  35. ↵
    1. MERCURY Study Group
    : Diagnostic accuracy of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting curative resection of rectal cancer: prospective observational study. BMJ 333: 779, 2006.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  36. ↵
    1. Low G,
    2. Tho LM,
    3. Leen E,
    4. Wiebe E,
    5. Kakumanu S,
    6. McDonald AC,
    7. Poon FW
    : The role of imaging in the preoperative staging and postoperative follow-up of rectal cancer. Surgeon 6: 222-231, 2008.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  37. ↵
    1. Bujko K,
    2. Glynne-Jones R,
    3. Bujko M
    : Does adjuvant fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy provide a benefit for patients with resected rectal cancer who have already received neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy? A systematic review of randomised trials. Ann Oncol 21: 1743-1750, 2010.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools
Reprints and Permissions
C-Reactive Protein as Predictor of Recurrence in Patients with Rectal Cancer Undergoing Chemoradiotherapy Followed by Surgery
YUJI TOIYAMA, YASUHIRO INOUE, SUSUMU SAIGUSA, MIKIO KAWAMURA, AYA KAWAMOTO, YOSHINAGA OKUGAWA, JYUNICHIRO HIRO, KOJI TANAKA, YASUHIKO MOHRI, MASATO KUSUNOKI
Anticancer Research Nov 2013, 33 (11) 5065-5074;
Reddit logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo

Jump to section

Keywords