Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Effect of α-mangostin on the cell viability was determined by the crystal violet assay after 48-h treatment of A-431 and SK-MEL-28 cells with various concentrations of α-mangostin. Data are shown as % viability compared to the untreated control and are presented as the mean±SEM of three independent experiments. Treatments significantly different from the untreated control at p<0.05 are presented as * and at p<0.01 as **.
- Figure 2.
Effect of α-mangostin on the motility of a) A-431 and b) SK-MEL-28 cells was monitored by the wound healing assay as described in Materials and Methods. The wound closure was recorded at 0, 24, and 48 h by the Olympus 1X71 inverted fluorescence microscope and the analySIS image capture software. The images shown here are from a representative experiment repeated three times with similar results (scale bar: 100 μm).
- Figure 3.
Effect of α-mangostin on migration and invasion of a) A-431 and b) SK-MEL-28 cells was detected by the Boyden Chamber assay after 48-h treatment, as described in Materials and Methods. The migration and invasion of cells were recorded by the Olympus 1X71 inverted fluorescence microscope and the analySIS image capture software and the cell number was counted by the Image J software (scale bar: 100 μm). The values are shown as the mean±SEM of three independent experiments. Treatments significantly different from the untreated control at p<0.05 are presented as * and at p<0.01 as **.
- Figure 4.
Effect of α-mangostin on the adhesion of a) A-431 and b) SK-MEL-28 cells was evaluated by the cell-matrix adhesion assay. After 48-h treatment with or without α-mangostin, cells were seeded to fibronectin or collagen-coated wells. The cell-matrix adhesion assay was carried out as described in Materials and Methods. Data are shown as % relative attached cells compared to the untreated control. The values are shown as the mean±SEM of three independent experiments. Treatments significantly different from the untreated control at p<0.05 are presented as * and at p<0.01 as **.
- Figure 5.
Effect of α-mangostin on the metastasis-related gene expression was detected by qRT-PCR after 48-h treatment on a) A-431 and b) SK-MEL-28 cells. The values are shown as the mean±SEM of three independent experiments. Treatments significantly different from the untreated control at p<0.05 are presented as * and at p<0.01 as **.
- Figure 6.
Proposed model of mechanisms involved in α-mangostin-induced anti-metastatic effect on human skin cancer cells. The genes involved are indicated by the common abbreviations (Akt, protein kinase B; IκB, inhibitor of kappa B; IKK, inhibitor of kappa B Kinase; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B). Adjacent to each gene is indicated the direction of expression level change as ↓=decreased expression, ⇅=increased and decreased expression, after treatment with α-mangostin on different cell lines. For motility, adhesion, migration, and invasion, the ↓ indicates a decrease in these activities.
