Differential Cytotoxicity of Triphala and its Phenolic Constituent Gallic acid on Human Prostate Cancer LNCap and Normal Cells

Abstract

Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed solid malignancies among US men. We identified gallic acid (GA) as a major bioactive cytotoxic constituent of a polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation – triphala (TPL). Both TPL and GA were evaluated on (AR)⁺ LNCaP prostate cancer and normal epithelial cells. Materials and Methods: Total polyphenols in TPL were determined using Folin and Ciocalteu method, followed by GA quantitation by high performance liquid chromatography. Cell toxicity was evaluated by crystal violet after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Results: TPL contains 40% unidentified polyphenolic acids, of which 2.4% comprised GA. GA induced severe morphological alterations and was about 3-fold more cytotoxic towards cancer cells than TPL. This activity increased further in the presence of dihydrotestosterone. GA toxicity on normal cells was low at 72 h. Combination of GA with flutamide caused higher toxicity to cancer cells than either of the compounds alone. Conclusion: GA appears to have promising anticancer activity.