Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Structure of benzaldehyde (BA), sodium 5,6-benzylidene-L-ascorbate (SBA) and β-cyclodextrin benzaldehyde inclusion compound (CDBA).
- Figure 2.
Failure of BA to induce apoptotic cell death in HSC-2 cells. A: DNA from incubated cells was extracted and applied to agarose gel electrophoresis. M: DNA marker, UV: DNA from apoptotic HL-60 cells induced by UV-irradiation. Similar data were obtained in another two independent experiments. B: Caspase activity as measured at 405 nm of the cleaved product for each substrate. Each value represents the mean±S.D. from 3 in the dependent experiments. Positive control: actinomycin D (Act. D) treated HL-60 cells.
- Figure 3.
Induction of autophagy by BA. A: GFP-LC3 accumulation. GFP-LC3 transfected HSC-2 cells were incubated for 4 hours without (a) or with 2 mM BA (b), and GFP-LC3 accumulation was visualized by confocal microscopy. B: Induction of secondary lysosomes by BA. Fine cell structure of HSC-2 cells, control without BA treatment (a) or incubated for 3 (b), 6 (c), 9 (d) or 24 (e) h with 2 mM BA, observed under transmission electron microscopy. C: Production of LC3-I and II by BA. HSC-2 cells were incubated for 3 or 6 hours with BA. LC3-I and −II were detected by Western blot analysis. Cells were also treated for 4 hours with 3-methyladenine (3-MA, 10 mM) or bafilomycin A1 (BAF, 1 μM). Similar results were obtained in another independent experiment.
- Figure 4.
Effect of autophagy inhibitors on BA-induced cytotoxicity and apoptotic markers. HSC-2 cells were pretreated for 60 min with the indicated final concentrations of 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or bafilomycin A1 (BAF) before incubation with BA. A: Cell viability (determined by MTT method). B: DNA fragmentation (by agarose gel electrophoresis). AD: Actinomycin D. C: Caspase-3 activity (by substrate cleavage assay). *p<0.05 versus control without BA.
