Growth/Adhesion-regulatory Tissue Lectin Galectin-3: Stromal Presence but not Cytoplasmic/Nuclear Expression in Tumor Cells as a Negative Prognostic Factor in Breast Cancer

Abstract

Background: The endogenous lectin galectin-3 can regulate cell adhesion and proliferation in vitro, thus prompting the examination of its clinical relevance in breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical processing of tissue sections (n=273; drop-out rate 20.4%) was used for the assessment of galectin-3 expression. Cytoplasmic/nuclear staining and presence in the tumor stroma were analyzed in human breast cancer patients. Results: A weak correlation with positive steroid receptor status was revealed for cytoplasmic positivity. Nuclear staining was correlated to the lobular type of invasive carcinoma, and tumor stroma expression to high-grade malignancy. Multiple testing of cut-off points to divide the cases into groups based on different levels of immunopositivity combined with univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and computations following the multivariate Cox regression model disclosed no prognostic correlation to either cytoplasmic or nuclear expression of galectin-3. The presence of galectin-3 in the stroma, however, indicated an unfavorable prognosis. Prediction of overall survival was feasible using a model consisting of stage and c-erbB2 status. Conclusion: These data signify that caution should be exercised in extrapolating from the anti-apoptotic/prometastatic activity of galectin-3 in model systems to the clinical situation.